Palladium on porous glass is a useful heterogeneous catalyst for liquid phase organic coupling reactions which can be carried out in the presence of air, without the need for solubilizing and activating ligands.

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Background: The pharmacokinetics and appropriate dose regimens of favipiravir are unknown in hospitalized influenza patients; such data are also needed to determine dosage selection for favipiravir trials in COVID-19. Methods: In this dose-escalating study, favipiravir pharmacokinetics and tolerability were assessed in critically ill influenza patients. Participants received one of two dosing regimens; Japan licensed dose (1600 mg BID on day 1 and 600 mg BID on the following days) and the higher dose (1800 mg/800 mg BID) trialed in uncomplicated influenza. The primary pharmacokinetic endpoint was the proportion of patients with a minimum observed plasma trough concentration (C trough) 20 mg/L at all measured time points after the second dose. Results: Sixteen patients were enrolled into the low dose group and 19 patients into the high dose group of the study. Favipiravir C trough decreased significantly over time in both groups (p <0.01). Relative to day 2 (48 hrs), concentrations were 91.7% and 90.3% lower in the 1600/600 mg group and 79.3% and 89.5% lower in the 1800/800 mg group at day 7 and 10, respectively. In contrast, oseltamivir concentrations did not change significantly over time. A 2-compartment disposition model with first-order absorption and elimination described the observed favipiravir concentration-time data well. Modeling demonstrated that less than 50% of patients achieved C trough 20 mg/L for >80% of the duration of treatment of the two dose regimens evaluated (18.8% and 42.1% of patients for low and high dose regimen, respectively). Increasing the favipravir

SYNOPSISMiscible blend membranes containing 10 wt % PEG of low molecular weight 200, 600, 2000, and 6000, and 10 wt %, 20 wt %, 30 wt %, 40 wt %, 50 wt %, and 60 wt % of molecular weight 20,000 were prepared to investigate the effect of PEG on gas permeabilities and selectivities for CO, over N, and CH,. The permeabilities of CO,, H,, O,, CHI, and Nz were measured at temperatures from 30 to 80°C and pressures from 20 cmHg to 76 cmHg using a manometric permeation apparatus. It was determined that the blend membrane, which contained 10% PEG 20,000, exhibited higher permeability for CO, and higher permselectivity for CO, over N2 and CH, than those of the membranes that contained 10% PEG of the molecular weight ranging from 200 to 6000. The high PEG 20,000 content blend membranes showed remarkable permeation properties such that the permeability coefficients of CO, and the ideal separation factors for CO, over N2 reached above 200 barrer and 22, respectively, a t 70°C and 20 cmHg. Based on the data of gas permeability coefficients, time lags, and characterization of the membranes, it is proposed that the apparent solubility coefficients of all CA and PEG blend membranes for CO, were lower than those of the CA membrane. However, almost all of the blend membranes containing PEG 20,000 showed higher apparent diffusivity coefficients for COP, resulting in higher permeability coefficients of CO, than those of the CA membrane. It is attributed to the high diffusivity selectivities of CA and PEG 20,000 blend membranes that their ideal separation factors for CO, over N, were higher than those of the CA membrane in the temperature range from 50 to 80"C, even though the ideal separation factors of all CA and PEG blend membranes for CO, over CH, became lower than those of the CA membrane over nearly the full temperature range from 30 to 80°C.