A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, endospore-forming bacterium, strain CAU 9038 T , was isolated from a tidal-flat sediment of DaeYiJac Island, Republic of Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol, the major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7 and the dominant cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C 15 : 0 . The DNA G+C content was 51.6 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the strain belonged to the genus Paenibacillus, with ,96.1 % sequence similarity to type strains of Paenibacillus species with validly published names. The most closely related type strains to CAU 9038 T were Paenibacillus thailandensis S3-4A T (96.1 % similarity) and

Gulosibacter chungangensis sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from a marine sediment, and emended description of the genus Gulosibacter A Gram-positive, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming, irregular short rod, strain CAU 9625 T , was isolated from a sediment of the Yellow Sea in the Republic of Korea. Strain CAU 9625 T grew optimally at 37 6C, at pH 8.0 and in the presence of 1 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain CAU 9625 T belonged to the genus Gulosibacter, which has one known member, Gulosibacter molinativorax. Strain CAU 9625 T and G. molinativorax ON4 T shared 97.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and formed a distinct cluster (99 % bootstrap support) within the family Microbacteriaceae. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain CAU 9625 T and G. molinativorax DSM 13485 T was 35.4±0.9 %. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9. The major whole-cell sugars were ribose and glucose. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified lipid. The fatty acid composition was similar to that of G. molinativorax DSM 13485 T , with anteiso-C 15 : 0 as the predominant fatty acid. The DNA G+C content of strain CAU 9625 T was 66.2 mol%. The phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness and several differentiating phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties revealed that strain CAU 9625 T was distinguishable from G. molinativorax and other phylogenetic neighbours. On the basis of these data, strain CAU 9625 T represents a novel species of the genus Gulosibacter, for which the name Gulosibacter chungangensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CAU 9625 T (5KCTC 13959 T 5CCUG 60841 T ).

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The taxonomic position of a Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, endospore-forming, facultatively anaerobic bacterial strain, CAU 9324 T , isolated from a grassy sandbank was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Strain CAU 9324T grew optimally at 30 6C and pH 6.0. The cellwall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone-7 (MK-7

A Gram-staining-positive, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterial strain, CAU 9163 T , was isolated from marine sediment collected in the Republic of Korea and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. The novel strain grew optimally at 30 6C and pH 8.0. In phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain CAU 9163 T formed a hitherto unknown lineage within the order Bacillales, which contains the genera Planomicrobium, Planococcus, Sporosarcina, Rummeliibacillus, Viridibacillus, Lysinibacillus and Bacillus. The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the novel strain and any established bacterial species were all ,95.7 %. The major isoprenoid quinines of strain CAU 9163T were MK-8 (65.2 %) and MK-7 (22.8 %) and the predominant fatty acid was anteiso-C 15 : 0 . The peptidoglycan was of the A4a type and based on L-Lys-D-Asp. The major whole-cell sugars were ribose and glucose. The polar lipid profile mainly consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified glycolipid and an unidentified polar lipid. The genomic DNA G+C content of the novel strain was 44.3 mol%. These data were sufficient to differentiate the novel strain from established genera in the phylum Firmicutes. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic evidence, strain CAU 9163 T represents a novel species in a new genus for which the name Chungangia koreensis gen.nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Chungangia koreensis is 9163 T (5KCTC 13729 T 5CCUG 59778 T ).