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This study aimed to develop a questionnaire to evaluate person-centered critical care nursing from a patient perspective (PCCNPq). We created a 26-item preliminary questionnaire based on a literature review and qualitative interviews and administered it to 411 patients who had experienced critical care. We assessed the questionnaire’s reliability and validity using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis and tested internal consistency and test–retest reliability. The final version of the PCCNPq comprised five factors: compassion, expertise, communication, comfort, and respect. The model fit was satisfactory, and the items demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity. In conclusion, the 20-item PCCNPq has acceptable reliability and validity and is applicable for assessing person-centered critical care nursing from a patient perspective.

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The purpose of this study was to develop a novel mouth contactless breathing exercise solution based on virtual reality (VR), and to test its feasibility. Methods: We developed the Virtual Reality-based Breathing Exercise System (VR-BRES), a self-regulating biofeedback breathing exercise with gaming characteristics and a soft stretch sensor. The feasibility and efficacy of the VR-BRES prototype were investigated through a randomized crossover trial. Fifty healthy adults participated in the trial, and their respiratory parameters and user evaluation of the VR-BRES were compared with conventional deep breathing (CDB) exercises. Results: The respiratory parameters, forced vital capacity (Z ¼ 4.82, 4.95, p < .001), forced expiratory volume in one second (t ¼ 6.02, 6.26, p < .001), and peak expiratory flow (t ¼ 5.35, 5.68, p < .001) were significantly higher during breathing exercises using the VR-BRES. User evaluation was also significantly higher for the VR-BRES in terms of efficiency (Z ¼ 3.86, p < .001), entertainingness (Z ¼ 5.00, p < .001), and intention to use (Z ¼ 3.22, p ¼ .001) compared to CDB. However, there was no difference in convenience between the two methods (Z ¼ À0.90, p ¼ .369). Conclusion:The VR-BRES has the potential to be an efficient breathing exercise solution. We recommend a clinical study that evaluates the effects of the VR-BRES for a certain period of time for people who need breathing exercises.