Vascular transplantation is an effective and common treatment for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the low biocompatibility of implants is a major problem that hinders its clinical application. Surface modification of implants with extracellular matrix (ECM) coatings is an effective approach to improve the biocompatibility of cardiovascular materials. The complete ECM seems to have better biocompatibility, which may give cardiovascular biomaterials a more functional surface. The use of one or several ECM proteins to construct a surface allows customization of coating composition and structure, possibly resulting in some unique functions. ECM is a complex three-dimensional structure composed of a variety of functional biological macromolecules, and changes in the composition will directly affect the function of the coating. Therefore, understanding the chemical composition of the ECM and its interaction with cells is beneficial to provide new approaches for coating surface modification. This article reviews novel ECM coatings, including coatings composed of intact ECM and biomimetic coatings tailored from several ECM proteins, and introduces new advances in coating fabrication. These ECM coatings are effective in improving the biocompatibility of vascular grafts.

Space operation needs the collaboration of many systems and its execution is a complex process, which greatly increases the difficulty of knowledge representation of system state, timing and constraints. Usually, the realization of a mission requires the cooperation of multiple sub-missions, so the action level model, which is a single level modeling approach, cannot support the automatic planning of space operation. The paper builds the model field of space operation by using hierarchical modeling method. It divides operation activities into two levels: action level and mission level. The model of action is created by the relations and constraints between action and system states, and the model of mission is built by sub-missions and their constraints. The models of actions, missions and constraints such as resources compose the field of space operation. Analysis and simulation shows that the approach could model space operation effectively.

Effective ion sieving demands reduction of pore size, which inevitably hinders water flux in hydrophilic membranes, posing a major challenge for precise and ultrafast molecular sieving. Herein, we introduce anomalous liquid gating from nanofiltration membranes full of graphene capillaries at 6 Å with a contact angle of 84°, fabricated from spontaneous restacking of island-on-nanosheet microstructure. We found that ion diffusion driven by osmosis could be suppressed to negligible levels (~ 10− 4 mol m-2 h-1); unexpectedly, ultrafast bulk flow of water (45.4 L m-2 h-1) was still functional with ease, as gated on and off by adjusting hydrostatic pressure differences only in 10− 2 bar. We attribute this to graphene nanoconfinement effect, where confined crystal-like water hinders diffusion under osmosis but facilitates high-speed, diffusion-free water transport in the way analogous to Newton’s cradle-like Grotthus conduction. This strategy establishes liquid-solid-liquid, phase-changing molecular transport, beneficial to resolving long-suffering troubles in conventional realms of molecular sieving.

Hierarchical task network (HTN) is widely used for intelligent planning. For typical HTN algorithm, if the current state does not support any decomposition prescription, the HTN planner will not try to change the state, but just return failure. This characteristic requires technicians to compile a large prescription database, which is time consuming. To overcome this shortcoming, the paper infuses upward-backtracking mechanism to improve HTN algorithm. When the current state does not support any decomposition method, the improved planner will search higher level tasks and its subtasks to change the system state to support the decomposition of the mission. The promotion will extend the searching range of planner and reduce the compiling of prescription database largely. A task of structure machining is taken as an example to demonstrate the algorithm's property.

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