A B S T R A C TThis study aimed to address how multiple risk factors that were previously related and derived from ecological levels, when taken together, could explain child-to-mother and child-to-father violence. A total of 298 Spanish adolescents (140 girls) who had committed CPV, with a mean age of 15.91 (SD age = 1.89), offender residents of specialized closed institutions for adolescents who had aggressed their parents (49.5%) and educational centres (50.6%) completed all measures. Both models obtained adequate fit indexes and explained about 50% of the variance in the two types of violence. At contextual (exosystem) level, peer deviance was indirectly related to both types of CPV. At family level (microsystem), the strongest direct predictor in both models was parental ineffectiveness in applying discipline. An additional direct path to child-tomother violence was the use of corporal punishment. At individual level (ontogenic), the two strongest direct predictors in both models were adolescents' impulsivity and substance abuse. The models highlight the complexity of the variables involved in the development of CPV. Regarding intervention implications, the models show the importance of paying attention to family variables, such as parents' mode of implementation of disciplinary measures, and individual factors, such as adolescents' impulsivity and substance abuse.Modelos multivarible de violencia filio-parental hacia la madre y hacia el padre entre adolescentes R E S U M E N Este estudio tuvo como fin abordar de qué modo podría explicar la violencia filio-parental (VFP) hacia la madre y hacia el padre los múltiples factores de riesgo relacionados previamente y derivados de niveles ecológicos en su conjunto. Un total de 298 adolescentes españoles (140 chicas) que presentaban índices elevados de VFP, con una edad media de 15.91 (DT = 1.89) y pertenecientes a centros psicoterapéuticos cerrados especializados en el trabajo de la VFP (49.5%) y a centros educativos (50.6%) cumplimentaron todas las medidas. Ambos modelos obtuvieron índices de ajuste adecuados y explicaron aproximadamente el 50% de la varianza de los dos tipos de VPF. En el nivel contextual (exosistema), la influencia de compañeros conflictivos se relacionó indirectamente con ambos tipos de VFP. A nivel familiar (microsistema), el mayor predictor directo en ambos modelos fue la ineficacia parental en la aplicación de la disciplina. Una relación directa adicional en el caso de la VFP hacia la madre fue el uso del castigo físico. Al nivel individual (ontogénico), los dos mejores predictores directos en ambos modelos fueron la impulsividad y el abuso de sustancias por parte de los adolescentes. Los modelos subrayan la complejidad de las variables involucradas en el desarrollo de la VFP. Respecto a las implicaciones para la intervención, los modelos enfatizan la importancia de prestar atención a las variables familiares, como el modo en el que los progenitores implementan las estrategias disciplinarias, y a factores individuales, como la impulsividad y...

The aim of this study was to identify the role of exposure to family violence and parental discipline in the development of child-to-parent violence (CPV). A qualitative in-depth interview design was used. Fifteen adolescents (10 boys) who have perpetrated CPV (Mage=16 years; SDage=1.33 years) and their parents or foster parents took part in the study. Individually, they answered questions about exposure to violence and parenting practices. Results suggest that adolescents were frequently direct victims and also witnesses of violence. Furthermore, emotional neglect in the parent-child relationship was frequent and families were characterized by rules that are not consistently implemented. Different forms of violence seem to coexist in these families, and CPV should also be a target in the interventions.

Título: Castigo físico de padres y madres a hijos e hijas y Violencia filioparental entre adolescentes españoles Resumen: La Violencia Filio-parental (VFP) es un problema social que está recibiendo gran atención, debido al aumento de su frecuencia y a las consecuencias para sus víctimas. El principal objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las relaciones longitudinales entre recibir castigo físico (CF) y perpetrar VFP física y psicológica en adolescentes. Un segundo objetivo fue estudiar si la relación entre el CF y la VFP es moderada por el contexto parental en el que el CF es usado, la edad o el género del adolescente. Un total de 896 adolescentes (527 chicas) con edades comprendidas entre 13 y 19 (M= 14.88; DT= 1.021) completaron instrumentos de VFP, CF y contexto parental positivo en el Tiempo1 y seis meses después. Los resultados de los análisis mostraron que el CF en el Tiempo1 predijo la perpetración de VFP psicológica en el Tiempo2. Ninguna variable (contexto parental positivo, edad, sexo) moderó la relación entre el CF y la VFP. A su vez, la VFP psicológica en el Tiempo1 predijo un incremento de la VFP física en el Tiempo2. Estos resultados sugieren que, el CF está relacionado con la VFP con independencia del contexto en el que es usado, la edad o el sexo del menor. Palabras clave: Violencia Filio-parental, castigo físico, adolescente, contexto parental positivo, agresión.Abstract: Child-to-parent aggression (CPA) is a social problem that is receiving much attention because of the increasing frequency and the consequences for its victims. The primary aim of this study was to assess the longitudinal relationship between receiving corporal punishment (CP) and perpetrating physical and psychological CPA in adolescents. The second aim was to investigate whether receiving CP in a positive parenting context, age and sex of the adolescent, moderated the relationship between CP and CPA. A total of 896 adolescents (527 girls) between the ages of 13 and 19 (M = 14.88; SD = 1.021), completed measures of CPA, CP and positive parenting at Time 1 and six months later. The results showed that CP at Time 1 predicted an increased psychological CPA at Time 2. None of the variables (positive parenting, age and sex) moderated the relationship between CP at T1 and CPA at T2. These results suggest that CP is related to CPA regardless of the context in which it is used, the age or sex of the child.

The main objective of this study was to validate the child-to-parent aggression questionnaire (CPAQ) in a clinical sample of adolescents who aggress against their parents. The second aim was to analyze the child-to-parent violence (CPV) prevalence and gender and age differences among these adolescents. The third aim was to analyze the frequency of CPV against mothers and fathers. The CPAQ was completed by 169 adolescents (49 girls) with a mean age of 16.26 years (SD = 1.56) who had committed CPV. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good model fit for four related factors (physical-aggression against mother, physical-aggression against father, psychological-aggression against mother, psychological-aggression against father). Hierarchical models indicated that these factors could be accounted for by broader dimensions of psychological versus physical aggression, and aggression against mother versus father.

The main objective of this study was to validate the child-to-parent aggression questionnaire (CPAQ) in a clinical sample of adolescents who aggress against their parents. The second aim was to analyze the child-to-parent violence (CPV) prevalence and gender and age differences among these adolescents. The third aim was to analyze the frequency of CPV against mothers and fathers. The CPAQ was completed by 169 adolescents (49 girls) with a mean age of 16.26 years (SD = 1.56) who had committed CPV. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good model fit for four related factors (physical-aggression against mother, physical-aggression against father, psychological-aggression against mother, psychological-aggression against father). Hierarchical models indicated that these factors could be accounted for by broader dimensions of psychological versus physical aggression, and aggression against mother versus father.