No abstract

Transnational legal communication seeks to identify transnational legal regimes and attempts to establish channels and technics for comprehensible communication of the legal information to specified groups of recipients. It also strives to conclude about possible inconsistencies in law. The approach is based on the cooperation of scientists within the area of law and applied linguistics and the coordination of their efforts, in order to conduct research from various perspectives, share conclusions and develop more complete approaches as well as achieve and mutually use more multilateral research results. It strives to reconcile legal research and linguistics research despite of their very different paradigms. The paper aims to explain the nature of legal communication and to establish its general research questions and objectives. The study is going to find an answer to the question what methods are to be used to communicate law comprehensively to its recipients and to draw conclusions on the consistency of legal regimes to be communicated. It accentuates that the solidarity necessary to achieve the objective of comprehensible and consistent law goes beyond the particular interests of individual sciences and is the foundation of the existence of the transnational legal communication community, non-depending on the place of living and the scope of practical knowledge.

The paper summarised arguments and counterarguments on analysis of economic resilience. The bibliometric analysis on economic resilience using the software VOSviewer allowed identifying the four core scientific schools: R. Martin (University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom); A. Rose University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States; C.S. Holling; H. Wolman (The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States); I. Briguglio (L-Università ta' Malta, Msida, Malta). The generalisation of the scientific papers and approaches on solving issues mentioned above proved that the core indicators of economic resilience assessment were macroeconomic stability; microeconomic market efficiency; good governance; social development. The paper aimed at the analysis of the marketing determinants impact on the economic vulnerability of the country. The hypothesis of the paper was no statistically significant difference in the level of economic vulnerability for countries that implement effective branding policies and do not take appropriate actions. The study checked hypothesis using the methods and instruments as follows: for the normal distribution of the statistical data – the Shapiro-Wilk test; verification of the equality of dispersion in the statistical data using the Levine’s test; parametric (One-way ANOVA: F-test) or non-parametric test (Kruskal-Wallis rank test). The object of the investigation was European Union countries which were classified on the six groups by the experts of the FutureBrand rating. The empirical data confirmed the hypothesis mentioned above. Thus, the findings proved no statistically significant difference between the leading indicators of the level of economic vulnerability according to the essential component – macroeconomic stability, which was estimated using indicators: General government deficit (-) and surplus (+) - annual data; unemployment rate. Keywords brand, government deficit, government surplus, unemployment rate, ANOVA

No abstract

The application of the latest technologies in biology and medicine has brought them to a qualitatively new level of possibilities. Worldwide, biobanking is actively developing through the creation of biobanks of various types and purposes, whose resources are used to solve therapeutic or scientific problems. Legal science remains an open question concerning the boundary that runs between the right to data protection and the scope of disclosure of data needed for medical purposes. In this article, the author considers peculiarities of data processing in the context of biobanking activity on the example of Austria and its national legislation. In addition, the article reveals features of the approaches of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the Council of Europe to the issue of biobanking in general, its characteristics in the context of data, and legal regulation of this phenomenon in the national law of states. The author devoted an important part of the study to the role of Austria’s experience in the context of data processing for scientific purposes and the development of biobanking for a number of other European states. The aim of the article is to analyze the Austrian legislation on data processing for scientific research and biobanking, the attitude of the Council of Europe to this phenomenon, and the practice of the ECtHR, as well as to consider the impact of the current world situation on these activities. The leading method of research used in the article is the formal-legal method. The article analyzes the Austrian law in the context of data processing in medical research, the relationship of the specifics of personal data protection, and the need to disclose them for scientific purposes. The author pays special attention to the influence of Austrian law on the legislation of other countries, which is reflected in the conclusions to the article. In addition, based on an analysis of the application of the Austrian experience to the legislation of Poland and Ukraine, the author points out the necessary changes that should be made in the laws of these countries.