In large Tropical River basins such as the Amazon, groundwater plays a major role in the water and ecological cycles with large influences on the rainforest ecosystems and climate variability. However, due to the lack of monitoring networks, Amazon groundwater storage and its variability remain poorly known. Here, we provide an unprecedented direct estimate of the spatio-temporal variations of the anomaly of groundwater storage over the period January 2003 -September 2010 in the Amazon Basin by decomposing the total terrestrial water storage measured by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission into the individual contributions of other hydrological reservoirs, using multi-satellite data for the surface waters and floodplains and models outputs for the soil moisture. We show that the seasonal variations of groundwater storage represent between 20 and 35% of the terrestrial water storage seasonal volume variations of the Amazon. Larger seasonal amplitudes of groundwater storage ( > 450 mm) are found in the Alter do Chão and Iça aquifers in the central part of the Amazon Basin. Anomalies of groundwater storage exhibit a strong interannual variability (STD reaching 120 mm along the central corridor) during the study period in response to hydrologic variability and climatic events such as the extreme drought that occurred in 2005.
ABSTRACT. The RESUMO. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi detectar mudanças no microclima da cidade de Manaus (AM), Brasil e procurar indicar as possíveis causas destasflutuações e tendências observadas. Foram utilizados dados meteorológicos e da geotermia rasa. Através de dados meteorológicos determinamos um incremento nas temperaturas médias do ar de 0, 27 ± 0, 04 • C, durante osúltimos 80 anos, baseado na normal climatológica de 1950 a 1979. Este incremento não tem sido contínuo, mas modulado pelas freqüências de meses com El Niño, La Niña e Neutros, detectados no Oceano Pacifico tropical, Região Niño 3.4. Através de dados geotérmicos determinamos um incremento de 3, 17 ± 0, 53 • C, que se estima esteja relacionado com o uso do solo, desde a segunda metade do século XIX. Verificamos que as perturbações transientes do subsolo de locais com cobertura vegetal são bons indicadores das variabilidades climáticas anuais recentes e que as análises dos perfis sob locais sem cobertura vegetal indicam mudanças no microclima atribuídasàs atividades antrópicas, tais como, o desflorestamento e urbanização.
ABSTRACT.The main objective of the present work is to quantify the variations of temperature, thermal conductivity and of terrestrial heat flow to the depths of 0.0m and 1.0m, during a complete one-year climatic cycle, and also showing the main external sources which are responsible for these geothermal variations. It was verified that the main external sources, which interact directly with the shallow geothermal structure, are the degree of superficial vegetation cover and the local rain indices and insolation. The registered geothermal variations in this study are of great importance for the best knowledge of the shallow geothermal structure. Such values are important in the elaboration of real models concerning the effects caused by the processes of deforestation or reforestation in the Amazon Region.Keywords: Geotherm; Environmental Geotherm; Shallow Geothermal; Temperature; Thermal Condutctivity; Shallow Geothermal Flow. RESUMO.O presente trabalho tem como finalidade principal quantificar as variações da temperatura, condutividade térmica e do fluxo térmico terrestre,às profundidades de 0,0m e 1,0m, durante um ciclo climático completo de um ano, mostrando, também, as fontes externas principais as quais são responsáveis por essas variações geotérmicas. Verificou-se que as fontes externas principais, que interagem diretamente com a estrutura geotermal rasa são o grau de cobertura vegetal superficial e oś ındices de precipitação pluviométrica e insolação locais. As variações geotérmicas registradas no presente trabalho são de suma importância para o melhor entendimento da estrutura geotermal rasa. Tais valores são importantes na elaboração de modelos reais acerca dos efeitos causados pelos processos de desmatamento ou de reflorestamento na Amazônia.
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