The world has never been so active in approaching human needs and human rights. As the population has become older, new kind of pressures has been made over health and protective services, as well as on research targeted to older adults. This chapter presents the scientific and practical developments in the field of elder mistreatment in Portugal. An overview of the scientific trends in Portuguese research is presented. National research on elder mistreatment has been increasing slowly. The current national scenery is focused on prevalence data and identifying risk and vulnerabilities. This chapter will also discuss the support structures available for mistreated older adults in Portugal, namely the current legal framework and the institutions/entities that offer aid to the victims. Legally, elder mistreatment in Portugal is no different from domestic violence, though some legislative advances have been seen in abandonment. Some structures have been developed over the years to offer aid to older adults, from special programs in the police to private institutions, passing by government supported initiatives.

Purpose The study of theoretical models explaining elder abuse has been one of the main gaps in the literature of the field. The extent of support of each theory is not clear. This study aims to conduct a systematic review to examine research supporting or opposing six theories of elder abuse: caregiver stress theory, social exchange theory, social learning theory, bidirectional theory, dyadic discord theory and the psychopathology of the caregiver. Design/methodology/approach This study conducts a systematic review of the literature. Seven databases were searched six times using different keywords about each theory. Findings This paper finds 26,229 references and then organised and analysed these references using pre-established criteria. In total, 89 papers were selected, which contained 117 results of interest; these papers were summarised and assessed for conceptual, methodological and evidence quality. The results showed evidence in favour of all the explored theories, except for social learning theory, whose results indicate multiple interpretations of the theory. This study finishes this paper by proposing that each of these theories might explain different facets of elder abuse and that more research is necessary to understand how the predictions of these different theories interact. Originality/value This paper presents an extensive review of the literature on theoretical explanations of elder abuse. The findings can be of value for selecting theories for prevention programmes or providing a summary of the evidence for researchers and practitioners interested in the theoretical explanation of elder abuse.

Purpose Identifying and assessing social skills has been a powerful way of linking human behaviour and human interaction with their consequences at significant developmental levels. There are some data connecting social skills with interpersonal violence but not yet with elder abuse. The reason might be the scarcity of quick and easy-to-apply measures of social skills. This study aims to adapt and validate the social skills inventory (SSI) (Del Prette and Del Prette, 2001) to the Portuguese population. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted two studies. In Study 1, the authors gathered the psychometric characteristics of the SSI-Del-Prette through exploratoryfactor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). In Study 2, the authors correlated the new measure with measures of depression and empathy to test for divergent and concurrent validity. Findings The obtained version of the SSI-Del-Prette showed a good model fit and internal consistency. This measure presented six factors: conversation and social confidence, easiness of self-exposure, self-expression of positive affect, coping assertively with risk, defending interests and opinions and giving and receiving praise. The indicators of convergent and divergent validity supported the integrity of the measure. Research limitations/implications The adaptation of this measure of social skills opens new possibilities for studying these skills. Originality/value This paper provides an adaptation of a measure of six social skills expanded to the older adult population.

Por vezes, a confiança com que uma testemunha recorda um crime relaciona-se com a exatidão da recordação. A investigação sugere que esta relação é complexa e pode ser influenciada por diferenças individuais. Neste estudo procurou-se perceber qual a influência da autoestima, impulsividade e tipo de tomada de decisão nesta relação. No procedimento apresentou-se um vídeo de um assalto, questões sobre este, e pediu-se a atribuição de julgamentos de confiança sobre as respostas. Os participantes responderam e julgaram também questões de conhecimento geral e responderam a escalas de autoestima (Rosemberg Self-esteem Scale), impulsividade (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale) e tipo de tomada de decisão (Cognitive Reflection Test). Os resultados revelam não haver influência das variáveis estudadas na calibração, sobreconfiança e exatidão das respostas, e também mostram maior subconfiança em questões de conhecimento geral comparativamente com as questões de testemunho. Os resultados indicam também que os participantes que utilizam um processo mais racional nas suas tomadas de decisão (sistema 2) apresentam maior exatidão e confiança do que os participantes que utilizam um processo mais intuitivo (sistema 1).Palavras-chave: Confiança, Calibração, Sub/Sobreconfiança, Testemunho, Conhecimento geral. IntroduçãoIntuitivamente, entende-se que a confiança (C) com que uma testemunha é capaz de recordar detalhes de um crime está relacionada com a exatidão (E) da recordação desses detalhes (Wells, Linday, & Ferguson, 1979). No entanto, a investigação revela que esta relação é complexa (Bornstein & Zickafoose, 1999). Neste estudo procurou-se investigar o papel das diferenças individuais na relação confiança-exatidão (C-E) na memória de testemunhas e com questões de conhecimento geral. Na primeira parte deste artigo começaremos por referir-nos aos estudos já existentes sobre a relação entre confiança e exatidão, depois abordaremos as diferenças entre questões de conhecimento geral e testemunho e terminaremos referindo o efeito das variáveis individuais na relação C-E. Relação entre a confiança e a exatidão das respostasA literatura tem apresentado resultados contraditórios na procura da relação confiança-exatidão no testemunho. Os dados da investigação são díspares e vão desde afirmar que a relação C-E é baixa ou inexistente (Brown, 2003; Perfect, 2004, Exp. 1;Wells & Murray, 1984) até forte e positiva (Luna & Martin-Luengo, 2012). A investigação sobre a relação C-E em testemunhas tem- 265A correspondência relativa a este artigo deverá ser enviada para: João Fundinho,

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