Background: Deficits in social cognition are well-recognized in both schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, it is less clear how social cognition deficits differ between both disorders and what distinct mechanisms may underlie such differences. We aimed at reviewing available evidence from studies directly comparing social cognitive performance between individuals with schizophrenia and ASD.Methods: We performed a systematic review of literature up to May 22, 2018 on Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Search terms included combinations of the keywords “social cognition,” “theory of mind,” “autism,” “Asperger,” “psychosis,” and “schizophrenia.” Two researchers independently selected and extracted data according to PRISMA guidelines. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for performance on social cognitive tasks evaluating: (1) emotion perception; (2) theory of mind (ToM); (3) emotional intelligence (managing emotions score of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test); and (4) social skills.Results: We identified 19 eligible studies for meta-analysis including a total of 1,040 patients (558 with schizophrenia and 482 with ASD). Eight studies provided data on facial emotion perception that evidenced a better performance by participants with schizophrenia compared to those with ASD (Hedges' g = 0.43; p = 0.031). No significant differences were found between groups in the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (8 studies; Hedges' g = 0.22; p = 0.351), other ToM tasks (9 studies; Hedges' g = −0.03; p = 0.903), emotional intelligence (3 studies; Hedges' g = −0.17; p = 0.490), and social skills (3 studies; Hedges' g = 0.86; p = 0.056). Participants' age was a significant moderator of effect size in emotion perception and RMET analyzes, with larger differences favoring patients with schizophrenia being observed in studies with younger participants.Conclusions: The instruments that are currently available to evaluate social cognition poorly differentiate between individuals with schizophrenia and ASD. Combining behavioral tasks with neurophysiologic assessments may better characterize the differences in social cognition between both disorders.
Purpose
To evaluate the quantitative and topographic relationship between reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) on infrared reflectance (IR) and subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) on en face volumetric spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).
Methods
RPD were marked on IR images by a masked observer. SDD were visualized on en-face sections of SD-OCT below the external limiting membrane and identified by a semi-automated technique. Control RPD lesions were generated in a random distribution for each IR image. Binary maps of control and experimental RPD and SDD were merged and analyzed in terms of topographic localization and quantitative drusen load comparison.
Results
A total of 54 eyes of 41 patients diagnosed with RPD were included in this study. The average number of RPD lesions on IR images was 320±44.62 compared to 127±26.02 SDD lesions on en-face (P<0.001). The majority of RPD lesions did not overlap with SDD lesions, and were located greater than 30 microns away (92%). The percentage of total SDD lesions overlapping RPD was 2.91±0.87% compared to 1.73±0.68% overlapping control RPD lesions (P<0.05). The percentage of total SDD lesions between 1-3 pixels of the nearest RPD lesion was 5.08±1.40% compared to 3.33±1.07% between 1-3 pixels of the nearest control RPD lesion (P<0.05).
Conclusions
This study identified significantly more RPD lesions on IR compared with SDD lesions on en-face SD-OCT and found that a large majority of SDD (>90% of lesions) were greater than 30 microns away from the nearest RPD. Together, our findings indicate that RPD and SDD are two entities that are only occasionally topographically associated, suggesting that at some stage in their development, they may be pathologically related.
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