The authors report a case of bilateral ptosis with miosis, paralysis of upward gaze and of smooth pursuit movements to the right, as well as a slowly regressive state of lassitude. This syndrome followed a haemorrhagic brain stem infarction. After a review of the pathophysiology of ptosis and of vertical eye movements, together with analysis of data provided by computerized tomography studies--since the case was not fatal--explanations are offered for each clinical sign and it is proposed that the lesion, a paramedian, slightly deviated to the right haemorrhagic focus in the midbrain, with a diameter of 15 mm, might have involved several structures, namely the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, as well as cortico-nuclear and sympathetic pathways.
Introdução. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado que após acidente vascular encefálico (AVC) unilateral, o déficit motor parece ser acentuado por uma atividade inibitória excessiva exercida pelo hemisfério cerebral não afetado, que se torna hiperexcitável. Propomos o Biofeedback Eletromiográfico para treino de relaxamento do membro superior não-parético (MSNP) como uma abordagem para a redução da hiperexcitabilidade do hemisfério intacto. Essa terapia, também, melhoraria o desempenho motor do membro superior parético (MSP) após AVC. Método. Participaram nove pacientes hemiparéticos, com idade média de 55,3 anos, não deprimidos e sem déficit cognitivo. O desempenho motor do MSP foi avaliado pelos Testes da Prancha de Pegboard (TPP) e da Caixa e Blocos (TCB) associados ao Eletromiograma de Superfície (EMG) em quatro músculos do MSNP. Após o treinamento os testes foram reaplicados. Resultados. O desempenho do MSP foi avaliado com ANOVA para medidas repetidas, e houve significância marginal no TPP (p=0.079) e no TCB (p=0,068). Para o MSNP, o teste “t” pareado mostrou uma diferença significativa no TPP (p<0,001). Conclusão. O Biofeedback EMG apresenta-se como uma ferramenta potencial para a redução da entrada somatossensorial do MSNP e melhora do desempenho do MSP, além de apresentar-se como uma alternativa promissora para aprimorar o desempenho do MSNP.>
Aim To identify risk factors for falls in the older adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Methods The eligible studies identified factors associated with the risk of falls in older adults with DM. We searched PubMed, Cinahl, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library databases for studies beginning April 2020 through July 2021 (CRD42020193461). Results Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria, and eight studies were included in the meta-analysis. These studies included a total of 40,778 older adults with T2DM 60 to 101 years in. The risk of falls in T2DM older adults is 63% compared to the occurrence of falls in the non-diabetics (HR 1.63; 95% CI [1.30–2.05]). While the chance of falls in older adults with T2DM is 59% than non-diabetic older adults (OR 1.59; 95% CI [1.36–1.87]) and the chance of falls in older adults with T2DM who take insulin is 162% (OR 2.62; 95% CI [1.87–3.65]). No results were found in studies on diabetic polyneuropathy. Conclusion T2DM older adults have a higher risk of falls compared to non-diabetics. Among the T2DM older adults, the most important factor associated with a higher risk of falls was insulin use. Trial registration: Registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42020193461).
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