INTRODUCTION Cross-cultural adaptations of questionnaires in developing countries, such as Brazil, have fostered a major debate involving the fields of economics, health, politics and culture. 1 Today, with the development and dissemination of the Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures 2 and of the Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN), 3 standardization of cross-cultural adaptation relating to culture, language and country is providing positive outcomes within scientific and clinical contexts. Within healthcare sciences, especially in the field of prevention and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injuries, it is common to use questionnaires to measure self-reported outcomes, mainly in relation to pain and functional disability. 4-6 Among the questionnaires for screening of musculoskeletal injuries, in addition to instruments that were created by researchers for specific evaluations, 7,8 the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) stands out through its widespread use for locating musculoskeletal pain in diverse populations. 9-12 However, the NMQ does not have a severity score, and it is not possible to use it to make inferences about functional disability. Therefore, as a way to fill this gap, the Self-Estimated Functional Inability because of Pain (SEFIP) questionnaire was developed and published in 1999. This is an instrument created based

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Background Psychological factors play an important role in the adequate return of an athlete to sport. Our aim was to perform the translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the Athlete Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ) into Brazilian Portuguese. Methods We performed the translation and cross-cultural adaptation and evaluated the structural validity, construct validity, and test–retest reliability. In addition to the AFAQ, we used the Numerical Pain Scale (NPS), Pain-Related Catastrophizing Thoughts Scale (PCTS), Self-Estimated Functional Inability because of Pain Questionnaire for athletes (SEFIP-sport), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). We used the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to analyze the internal structure of the AFAQ. We used the Spearman’s correlation coefficient (rho) to determine the magnitude of correlation between the AFAQ and the other instruments. We evaluated the test–retest reliability and internal consistency by means of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach’s alpha, respectively. Results No adaptation was necessary to produce the AFAQ version in Brazilian Portuguese. We included 160 participants in the study. We identified the one-dimensionality of the AFAQ through the EFA with the implementation of parallel analysis (KMO = 0.83, p < 0.001 in Bartlett's Sphericity test). In construct validity, the magnitudes of correlation between the AFAQ and the other instruments ranged from 0.257 to 0.548. We identified adequate reliability (ICC = 0.85) and internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.90). Conclusion The Brazilian version of the AFAQ with one domain and 10 items has adequate measurement properties in injured professional and recreational athletes.