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Objective: This investigation was undertaken to determine whether a grape seed extract (GSE) that is rich in mono-, oligo-and poly-meric polyphenols would modify postprandial oxidative stress and inflammation in individuals with the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Background:MetS is known to be associated with impaired glucose tolerance and poor glycemic control. Consumption of a meal high in readily available carbohydrates and fat causes postprandial increases in glycemia and lipidemia and markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and insulin resistance.

Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) contain bioactive components with functional properties that may modify cardiovascular risk. The aims of this pilot study were to evaluate the ability of black beans to attenuate postprandial metabolic, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses and determine relative contribution of dietary fiber and antioxidant capacity of beans to the overall effect. In this randomized, controlled, crossover trial, 12 adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS) consumed one of three meals (black bean (BB), fiber matched (FM), and antioxidant capacity matched (AM)) on three occasions that included blood collection before (fasting) and five hours postprandially. Insulin was lower after the BB meal, compared to the FM or AM meals (p < 0.0001). A significant meal × time interaction was observed for plasma antioxidant capacity (p = 0.002) revealing differences over time: AM > BB > FM. Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) was not different by meal, although a trend for declining oxLDL was observed after the BB and AM meals at five hours compared to the FM meal. Triglycerides and interleukin-6 (IL-6) increased in response to meals (p < 0.0001). Inclusion of black beans with a typical Western-style meal attenuates postprandial insulin and moderately enhances postprandial antioxidant endpoints in adults with MetS, which could only be partly explained by fiber content and properties of antioxidant capacity.

As a crucial part of the symbiotic system, the gut microbiome has been shown to be a metabolic organ that presents important connections to many diseases and conditions, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), the world wide leading cause of death. Trimethylamine N‐oxide (TMAO) is a plasma metabolite that is positively correlated with CVD. Trimethylamine (TMA) is produced by gut bacteria from dietary choline, betaine, or L‐carnitine, and is then converted in the liver to TMAO, which in turn affects hepatic and intestinal lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Because eggs are rich in choline, it has been speculated that their consumption may increase plasma TMAO. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of two eggs per day on plasma TMAO level and how it is related with gut microbiome composition in mildly hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. In this randomized, cross‐over study, 20 overweight human subjects were given two whole eggs and the equivalent amount of yolk‐free substitute as breakfast for four weeks, in randomized order, with a four‐week washout in between. Fasting blood draws and stool were collected at the beginning and of each treatment period. Plasma TMAO, choline, betaine and other metabolites were analyzed using LC/MS, while gut microbiome composition was analyzed using 16S amplicon sequencing. Plasma choline and betaine were significantly increased after whole egg but not yolk‐free substitute, however TMAO level was not significantly affected by treatments. Gut microbiome composition showed large inter‐individual variability at baseline and in response to the treatments. Parabacteroides, Ruminococcus, and Faecalibacterium were slightly increased after whole egg but not yolk‐free substitute for the majority of the subjects, while Bilophila slightly increased after yolk‐free substitute but not whole egg. The consumption of two eggs per day in overweight, postmenopausal mildly hypercholesterolemic women significantly increased plasma choline and betaine, but not TMAO, with a subtle effect on gut microbiome composition. This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

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