SummaryWe have examined the relationships between positive and negative thinking and depression and anxiety. A total of 102 students have participated in this study. The Negative Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire and Positive Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire were used to evaluate negative and positive thoughts, respectively. The Beck Depression Inventory and the Beck Anxiety Inventory were used to assess psychopathological states. Depression was correlated with negative thinking (r = 0.77; P < 0.01) and gender (r = 0.13; P < 0.05), and inversely correlated with positive thinking (r = −0.45; P < 0.01). Multiple linear regressions showed that both negative and positive thinking affected depression (F = 148.04 and F = 13.86, respectively; P < 0.01). Anxiety was correlated with negative thinking (r = 0.62; P < 0.01), and inversely correlated with positive thinking (r = −0.31; P < 0.01) and gender (r = −0.11; P < 0.05). Depressed, non-anxious participants had higher negative thinking scores (P < 0.05) than non-depressed, non-anxious subjects who had lower positive thinking scores (P < 0.05) than non-depressed, nonanxious ones. Depression and anxiety were explained by negative thinking more than positive thinking. A decrease in depression and anxiety could be linked to a decrease in negative * Corresponding author. MOTS CLÉSCognition ; Pensées négatives ; Pensée positive ; État psychopathologique ; Dépression ; Anxiété ; Thérapies comportementales et cognitives Résumé La dépression se caractérise par la présence de pensées négatives, sur soi, sur le monde et sur l'avenir, ce que Beck a appelé la triade cognitive. Les pensées automatiques négatives sont supposées jouer un rôle central dans le développement et la persistance de la dépression (Hollon et Kendall, 1980) et de l'anxiété (Hollon et Kendall, 1980 Sanne et al., 2012). Cependant, le rôle des pensées positives dans la dépression et l'anxiété n'est pas très évident. Notre étude a pour but d'examiner le rôle des auto-déclarations négatives et positives sur le niveau d'anxiété et de dépression des étudiants. Notre échantillon se compose de 102 étudiants âgés de 18 à 20 ans, déprimés, non déprimés, anxieux et non anxieux. Les résultats de l'étude nous ont permis de mettre en évidence deux types de pensées liés aux troubles psychologiques. Premièrement, les pensées automatiques négatives sont fortement activées chez les étudiants déprimés, alors qu'elles le sont beaucoup moins chez les étudiants non déprimés. Deuxièmement, à l'inverse ce sont les pensées automatiques positives qui sont plus activées chez les étudiants non déprimés par comparaison avec les étudiants déprimés. Dans notre étude, la pensée négative est positivement corrélée avec la dépression et l'anxiété (p < 0,01). Cependant, la pensée positive est négativement corrélée avec la dépression et l'anxiété (p < 0,01). Les résultats de la régression multiple linéaire montrent que les pensées négatives et positives ont contribué de manière significative (p < 0,001) à expliquer la variance dans la dépression....

The authors of this study suggest that the harm-punishment link ('outcome bias') can be explained by the activation of different judgment processes depending on the outcome severity of an offense: (1) a rational model for mild outcomes in which punishment is necessarily linked to responsibility of the perpetrator; (2) a justification model for severe outcomes in which punishment and responsibility are linked only when assessment order allows the latter to rationalize the former. Participants (126 university students) considered an unintentional road accident with mild or severe outcomes and made judgments of responsibility, punishment, and perceived seriousness of the offense. The results support the authors' hypothesis. In the discussion, the authors suggest different motives of punishment (preventive or compensative justice) which explain why responsibility and punishment are not necessarily linked.The aim of this article is to examine the links between responsibility and punishment in the case of reprehensible actions leading to objective outcomes of greater or lesser severity. It attempts to demonstrate that according to the severity of the consequences of an offense, two types of judgment models are activated: a rational model in cases of mild outcomes and a justification model in cases of severe outcomes. In a rational model, the attribution of punishment to the perpetrator of an offense is the result of a series of decision stages (Fincham & Jaspars, 1980;Shaver, 1985;Weiner, 1995). In this model, the first stage is to verify the causal link between the offense and the noted effects. Second, the motive of the perpetrator is evaluated in order to establish his or her degree of responsibility. Finally, punishment is attributed according to the degree of responsibility. In this perspective, the a priori contributions of the perpetrator (causality and intentionality) should direct the judgment of responsibility and the attribution of punishment, and this evaluation should not be influenced by the a posteriori involuntary or unforeseen outcomes of the action.Certain influential factors cannot be well integrated into this rational schema, notably the 'outcome bias effect.' This bias, which different studies have confirmed (Burger

<b><i>Objective:</i></b> Depression is underdiagnosed and thus undertreated. This study aimed to validate the French version of the PHQ-2 (Patient Health Questionnaire-2) and BDF-FS-Fr (Beck Depression Inventory-Fast Screen-France) on patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) living in France. <b><i>Method:</i></b> A cross-sectional study was conducted on 109 patients of the Centre universitaire de maladies rénales, Centre Hospi­talier Universitaire (CHU) de Caen (37 patients with CKD on pre-dialysis and grafting stage, 36 grafted patients, and 36 dialyzed patients). <b><i>Statistical Approach:</i></b> Test parameters and statistical aspects of assessing diagnostic and screening tests were used, including knowledge of and ability to calculate, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, diagnostic odds ratios, and the use of ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves. <b><i>Results:</i></b> PHQ-2 and BDI-FS-Fr statistical parameters for depression tested very positively and had a satisfactory AUC (area under the curve). The PHQ-2 had a satisfactory AUC &#x3e; 0.70, sensitivity &#x3e; 0.60, and specificity &#x3e; 0.80. The BDI-FS-Fr had a satisfactory area under the curve (0.859) with sensitivity (83%) and specificity (0.859); and internal consistency (α = 0.668). The PHQ-2 and BDI-FS-Fr showed good internal and external validity of structure, construct validity, criterion validity, discriminant validity, internal consistency, and factorial validity. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The French versions of the PHQ-2 and BDI-FS have highly favorable psychometric properties. These instruments are valid self-assessment tools for screening and evaluating depression, its intensity, and its evolution. The PHQ-2 and BDI-FS-Fr thus have very good psychometric properties and are useful tools for researchers and practitioners. Regarding clinical practice in the hospital, clinicians and nurses can use the PHQ-2 to screen quickly for depression during routine consultations, during hospitalization, and in dialysis centers. The 7 items of the BDI-FS-Fr enable us to assess the depressive state, thereby avoiding a false diagnosis of depression among CKD patients in a clinical setting.

Résumé Deux études ont été entreprises auprès d’enfants et d’adultes, afin d’étudier l’évolution et les liens entre flexibilité des rôles de sexe et types d’explications de l’origine des différences entre sexes. On a évalué la flexibilité des rôles de sexe par des mesures traditionnelles (possibilité de transgression et relativité culturelle) et évaluatives (d’un point de vue moral et affectif). On a également mesuré le degré d’accord des sujets avec trois types d’explications de l’origine des différences entre sexes (biologiques, sociales, psychologiques). On s’attendait à ce que, avec l’âge : 1 o la flexibilité des rôles de sexe augmente uniquement pour les mesures traditionnelles ; 2 o les explications biologiques et psychologiques diminuent, et les explications sociales augmentent ; 3 o la flexibilité des rôles de sexe soit liée positivement aux explications sociales, négativement aux explications biologiques. Les résultats, qui vont dans le sens des hypothèses, mettent cependant en évidence que les liens entre flexibilité des rôles de sexe et explications des différences entre sexes ne commencent à être présents qu’à partir de 11 ans. La discussion porte sur l’importance de l’essentialisme enfantin et sur la signification des explications des différences entre sexes.

International audienceThis study has been carried out among 5 to 10 year old children and students in order to determine the way in which representations of delinquency vary in accordance with age. Firstly, the subjects were asked to assess different sort of offences. Then, they had to attempt to establish the causes, the types and the reasons of punishments, which were the most relevant in their view. Our results show that children from the age of eight are able to distinguish between transgressions of social conventions, incivilities, offences and crimes. Concerning delinquency three different types of reaction exist depending on age : a tendency to punish (usually found amongst the youngest children), a social orientation (concerning on average children aged around 10) and a psychological orientation (expressed by adults).Key-words : Children, Adult, Representations of delinquencyLa présente recherche, réalisée auprès d’enfants âgés de 5 à 10 ans et d’étudiants, examine les représentations de la délinquance en fonction de l’âge. Les sujets évaluaient des actes délictueux puis il leur était demandé de se positionner vis-à-vis de différentes propositions relatives aux origines de la délinquance, aux types de sanctions jugées justes et aux raisons des sanctions. Les résultats montrent : 1 / qu’à partir de8 ans, les enfants sont capables de faire la distinction entre transgressions de conventions sociales, incivilités, délits et crimes ; 2 / trois types de réactions face à la délinquance : une orientation punitive (en général les plus jeunes), une orientation sociale (plutôt les enfants de 10 ans), et une orientation psychologique (principalement les adultes)