This study aims to analyze the relationship between historical understanding, historical thinking, towards historical consciousness in learning history. This type of research is ex post-facto with a correlational design. The population is class X high school students in Yogyakarta, with a sample of 177. The side technique uses cluster random sampling. Data collection uses instruments in the form of historical understanding tests, historical thinking tests, and historical consciousness questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out through partial correlation and multiple correlations with a significance level of 0.05, and the prerequisite test analysis used normality, linearity, and multicollinearity tests. The results show that the relationship between historical understanding, historical thinking, and historical consciousness in history learning has a strong and significant correlation. These three components should not be separated from the history learning process so that history learning is more meaningful for its historical values.

This study aims to explore the values of character education in the resistance of Radin Inten II against the Dutch colonization. The method used is the historical method with heuristic steps, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The data collection techniques used is library research. The results of the research are described briefly related to the biography and resistance of Radin Inten II as a local figure who fought against the Dutch colonization. The values of character education contained in this material are hard work, love for the country, a national spirit, communicative competence, and responsibility. These character values can be actualized by teachers to students in a local history learning process that is integrated with Indonesian history subject matter in high schools. It is expected that students can emulate the figure of a local figure named Radin Inten II, especially for those who live in Lampung area.

Study purpose. The researcher realizes that not all physical education teachers in elementary schools provide basketball lessons and some teachers still use conventional learning techniques. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of a basketball learning model with the TGfU approach to increase HOTS and reduce bullying. Materials and methods. This study used a quantitative approach to test the validity of the content and constructs as well as the effectiveness of the learning model. The experimental subjects in this study were fifth-grade students totaling 165 respondents from 5 elementary schools in Central Java, Indonesia. Data analysis of small-scale trials used Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) path analysis, and that of large-scale trials used Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) path analysis. The paired-samples t-test was used to analyze the effectiveness of HOTS and the reduction of bullying. Results. The result of this study is a basketball learning model that utilizes the TGfU approach to increase HOTS and reduce bullying behavior in the form of a guidebook. Conclusions. The developed model can increase HOTS and reduce bullying and will affect students’ cognitive, affective and psychomotor learning outcomes. So that the learning model is easy, safe, and makes students more enthusiastic about learning.

<span lang="EN-US">The values contained in Pancasila have not been implemented in the life of the Indonesian people properly. This study aims to produce a product in the form of a model of planting Pancasila values. This research is a research and development, using a research and development model from Borg and Gall which is modified into seven development steps. Product validation of the Pancasila values inculcation model by learning technology experts and Pancasila education experts. Techniques data analysis used descriptive statistical analysis. This research resulted in a model named my real action plan for Pancasila (MRAPP). MRAPP is a learning model that can be used to inculcate Pancasila values. The steps of the MRAPP model are as: i) field observations; ii) determining one of the precepts of Pancasila; iii) designing real action; iv) making a schedule of activities and presentation of proposals; v) monitoring the implementation of real action; vi) reporting the process and results of real action; and vii) doing reflection. The results of the validation of the feasibility of the learning model from the validation of learning experts and the validation of Pancasila education experts, namely the MRAPP learning model declared “eligible” to be used as a learning model for inculcating Pancasila values.</span>

The development of audio-visual-based learning media does not have problems with media limitations and students' low interest in the learning process. The aim of the study was to develop an audio-visual-based learning media in history learning, and the feasibility of audio visual based learning media in history learning. This research is Research and Development (R&D) with ADDIE model. The test subjects involved 36 students of class X IPA 4. Techniques and data collection instruments using questionnaires, observations, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique used qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results of the study the development of audio-visual-based learning media on material about pre-literate human life in Indonesia was made using the Adobe Photoshop application. The level of utilization of the results of the validation of media experts, and learning experts, respectively with an average result of 4.73 (very good), 4.28 (very good), 4.50 (very good), and student results of 4.37 (very good). In conclusion, the audio-visual-based learning media developed is feasible to be used as a historical learning media. The implication is that there is a change in positive attitudes and student interest in learning history.