; on behalf of the PROMISE Study Group Introduction: In the PROMISE study, a multinational randomized controlled trial (RCT) of the effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) with multicolumn surgical leads as a treatment of low back pain, clinicians followed their usual practice. An early, unplanned safety analysis revealed that the infection rate in Belgium (5/23), where trial duration was a median 21.5 days, was significantly higher than the 1/64 rate observed in the other study countries (median 5.8 days, p < 0.01). This report reviews infections observed in the PROMISE study after study completion. Materials and Methods: For all infections related to SCS, we used descriptive statistics and tests of independent variables to analyze potentially contributing factors (age, sex, coexisting medical conditions, tobacco use, lead type, and trial duration) between subjects with infections versus those without. Cumulative incidence curves were created using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared between the two strata using a log-rank test. Results: Among nine (5.2%) infections in 174 subjects trialed, the only significant contributing factor to infection was trial duration: median 21 days (range 3-56) for those with infection vs. six days (1-41) for those without (p = 0.001; Wilcoxon rank-sum test). The cumulative incidence of infection for subjects trialed >10 days was 24.1% vs. 1.4% for subjects trialed ≤10 days (p < 0.001). After the protocol was amended to limit trial duration to 10 days, 14 infection-free trials were performed in Belgium. Conclusions: Although not part of the preplanned analysis, our observation supports the hypothesis of a cause-effect relationship between trial duration and the risk of infection and the conclusion that prolonged SCS trials should be avoided.

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