Twenty coral formations were evaluated in the area of Santa Marta in terms of: 1) composition and abundance of the principal substrate categories and 2) prevalence of coral diseases and bleaching. To obtain the information, bands of 10 x 1 m and 10 x 2 m were used, respectively. A total of 33 species of hard corals were registered. Algae and corals were the components with major cover, nonetheless, averages varied widely in the study area (coral= 4.0 ± 0.9 %-62.0 ± 7.2 %; algae = 30.6 ± 11.0 %-78.3 ± 3.0 %). The coral species with the highest averages cover were Colpophyllia natans, Diploria strigosa, Acropora palmata, and Montastraea cavernosa (7.5 ± 2.7 %, 6.7 ± 2.1 %, 4.0 ± 2.8 %, and 3.8 ± 1.0 %, respectively). Prevalence of coral diseases and bleaching were lower than 4 %. The reefs with the highest coral covers were associated to the Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona (Gayraca, Aguja, Chengue and Neguanje), whereas the lowest values were found near the urban centers (Santa Marta and El Rodadero). Even though there are some coral reefs showing relatively good conditions in the area of Santa Marta, the widespread trend is that algae are the predominant component of reef substratum.
This study explored oceanographic dynamics related to high productivity processes in the northern Colombian Caribbean. Four scientific expeditions were carried out between May and December 2018, where selected physicochemical variables were measured using a CTDO (conductivity, temperature and dissolved oxygen sensor system), and transparency with a Secchi disc. May and December showed typical upwelling waters, while August and November showed waters characteristic of the rainy season. Spatial dynamics were related to temperature and salinity. Thus, northeastern stations showed colder and saltier surface waters compared to those located to the southwest. Vertical readings were taken and the Caribbean Surface Water mass was identified, and below it the subtropical subsurface water mass, which emerges at the beginning of the year. The results suggest that upwelling and freshwater runoff have a direct impact on the hydrographic structure of the region.
Los arrecifes de coral han sufrido una extensa degradación en las últimas décadas como resultado de perturbaciones antropogénicas y naturales. Este estudio presenta una caracterización histórica (1989-2015) de los cambios en la omposición del sustrato en formaciones coralinas en el archipiélago de San Bernardo. Adicionalmente, en el 2015 se evaluó la salud arrecifal (presencia de signos de deterioro) y se analizaron datos satelitales de temperatura. En general, la cobertura de coral mostró una tendencia estable entre 1989 y 2010. En 2013 y 2015 se registraron diferencias en el ensamblaje coralino las cuales pueden estar asociadas al incremento en la cobertura de las especies de los géneros Orbicella, Porites, Agaricia, Siderastrea y del hidrocoral Millepora complanata. Las menores coberturas observadas en 1989, 1991 y 2005 estuvieron posiblemente relacionados con eventos de mortalidades masivas de especies arrecifales por enfermedades y blanqueamiento. Se registró un comportamiento opuesto entre el sustrato abiótico y las algas, siendo este último grupo el componente dominante del sustrato desde el 2013. Espacialmente se presentaron diferentes tendencias. Las estaciones en Ceycen, Tintipán y Mangle presentaron mejores condiciones de desarrollo coralino en el tiempo, mientras que las estaciones en Cabruna y Palma, lugares más cercanos a los centros urbanos, presentaron indicios de tendencia hacia el deterioro. Adicionalmente, a partir de junio del 2015 se registraron valores de temperatura por encima del umbral de tolerancia al blanqueamiento (29,4 °C), por lo que posiblemente los corales enfrentaron un estrés térmico que causó blanqueamiento en 18 de las 19 estaciones evaluadas. Son esenciales las acciones de gestión sobre los impactos locales, acompañados de la información suministrada por los programas de monitoreo, para que los arrecifes puedan recuperarse de los impactos naturales y antropogénicos que los afectan.
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