In 2012, a white marble sarcophagus was found in Gemlik, the ancient city of Kios, during sewerage works in Eskipazar Street, which traverses the city's Eşref Dinçer district. 1 Its lid was broken into three pieces. Later the sarcophagus and the pieces of its smashed lid were transported to the garden of Gemlik Municipality. A horizontal rectangular tabula with an inscription of eleven lines has been carved on one of the long sides of the sarcophagus. The opposite side of the chest is decorated with reliefs of three garlands attached at either end to a pair of bull heads-bukephala, 2 evenly distributed over the long side-and to ram's heads at each corner (Fig. 4-6). Bunches of grapes are suspended from the middle of each garland, and two ribbons hang from each of the festoons. Knotted woolen cords hang vertically from the heads of the sacrificial animals. 3 The decoration of the rear side of the sarcophagus indicates that it can be classified in the well known and common garland sarcophagi group. 4 One of the narrow sides was also decorated with a garland between two panels, but the objects were only crudely hewn out and left incomplete. So, the bunch of grapes appears only as a heart-shaped object hanging downwards from the garland, and a rosette or patera above was left simply as a round boss (Fig. 7-8). The other side of the chest has a second tabula (Fig. 9-10), but this remained uninscribed. Obviously, the sarcophagus was intended to be used not only for the burial of Heliodoros, mentioned in the tabula on the front-side, but also for further interments. The lid of the sarcophagus is roof-shaped and all of its corners were decorated with acroteria. One of the pediments is embellished with a patera or a rosette in relief (Fig. 8). A vaulted burial chamber was unearthed close to where the sarcophagus was found (Fig. 11-15). 5
«Stadtgründer müssen unbedingt mit der Art und Weise vertraut sein, wie die Dichter Mythen erzählen und von der diese, wenn sie sie dichten, nicht abweichen dürfen. Hingegen dürfen Stadtgründer auf gar keinen Fall selbst Mythen dichten.» 1 Platon Regula Kunkel gewidmet 1. Einführung Platon hat in seinem ‹Staat› von den Stadt-bzw. Staatsgründern gefordert, einen klaren Blick dafür zu haben, dass griechische Dichter genremäßig einer mythischen Weltsicht verpflichtet seien. Von den Gründern eines idealen Staates aber verlangt er, es ihnen nicht nachzutun und sich auf keinen Fall auf den Mythos einzulassen (sondern sich an den Realitäten zu orientieren). Tatsächlich haben die hellenischen Stadtgründer von der archaischen Zeit bis in den Hellenismus, soweit wir das beurteilen können, sich meist mit wohlüberlegten und klaren Zielsetzungen zu einer Stadt-bzw. ‹Ko-lonie›gründung entschlossen, dann nach rationalen Gesichtspunkten geeignete Plätze für ihre Gründungen ausgewählt und schließlich die Städte gut geplant und klar durchdacht angelegt 2
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