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NPR-A, located on the Arctic slope of Northern Alaska, is underlain by a thick sequence of sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous age which attain a thickness of as much as 4600 m (15,000 feet). The bulk of the coal resources occurs in rocks of the Nanushuk Group of Early and Late Cretaceous age. The Nanushuk Group is a wedge-shaped unit of marginalmarine and nonmarine rocks that is as thick as 3300 m (11,000 feet) just west of NPR-A. Within the reserve, coal occurs primarily in the middle and thicker portions of this clastic wedge and occurs stratigraphically in the upper half of the section. Specific data on individual coal beds or zones are scarce, and estimates of identified coal resources of about 49.5 billion tons represent a sampling of coal resources too small to give a realistic indication of the potential resources for an area so large. Estimates of undiscovered resources suggest hypothetical resources of between 330 billion and 3.3 trillion tons. The wide range in the undiscovered resource estimates reflects the scarcity and ambiguity of the available data but also suggests the presence of a potentially large coal resource. National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska FIGURE 1. Location of National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPR-A). UTUKOK-CORWIN REGION-> EAST COLVILLE RIVER REGION cn 3 O Ul UJ o: o 00 QUATERNARY DEPOSITS Prince Creek formation Prince (Schrader Creek (Bluff formatiorrtformation Seabee formation " Chandler formation (Niakogan tongue) Ninuluk formation Corwin formation Chandler formation (Killik tongue) Kukpowruk formation Torok formation Fortress Mountain formation Torok and Fortress Mountain formations > o

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Spanish colonial eight real silver coins, commonly called Pieces of Eight, were used throughout the Spanish-speaking world for hundreds of years. We undertook a detailed mineralogical, textural, and chemical investigation of an 1800 Carlos IIII eight real coin recovered from the wreck of the Spanish frigate Santa Leocadia, which sank on the rocky shore of Ecuador on November 16, 1800, with a loss of more than 140 lives and of 2,100,000 pesos of gold and silver coins. The coin is a typical eight real piece, composed of about 90% Ag and 10% Cu. It was buried in clastic sediments beneath the oxidized zone, such that it reacted with sulfur released by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Consequently, the coin has been totally encapsulated in a mixture of sand, gravel, and shell fragments cemented by metal sulfides. The residual coin consists of silver with small interspersed micrometric grains of copper. Reaction of the dissolved metal with the bacterially generated diagenetic sulfur in the intergranular fluids resulted in extensive cementation of the sediment particles by Ag and Cu sulfides. In the 1-mm zone immediately adjacent to the coin, Cubearing acanthite occurs as concentric layers with intervening zones of sand and clay. Beyond this zone, acanthite formed from Ag dissolved from the coin occurs as a more or less continuous interstitial cement with local small islands of covellite, CuS. Copper also occurs as films of Cu carbonate on quartz grains, as isolated grains of jalpaite Ag 3 CuS 2 , stromeyerite AgCuS, mckinstryite (Ag,Cu) 2 S, and as atacamite Cu 2 Cl(OH) 3 , which rim and replace detrital carbonate grains.