Surgical factors influence bladder cancer outcomes after cystectomy, after adjustment for pathologic factors and neoadjuvant chemotherapy usage.

Effective population size (N e ) controls both the rate of random genetic drift and the effectiveness of selection and migration, but it is difficult to estimate in nature. In particular, for species with overlapping generations, it is easier to estimate the effective number of breeders in one reproductive cycle (N b ) than N e per generation. We empirically evaluated the relationship between life history and ratios of N e , N b and adult census size (N) using a recently developed model (AGENE) and published vital rates for 63 iteroparous animals and plants. N b /N e varied a surprising sixfold across species and, contrary to expectations, N b was larger than N e in over half the species. Up to two-thirds of the variance in N b /N e and up to half the variance in N e /N was explained by just two life-history traits (age at maturity and adult lifespan) that have long interested both ecologists and evolutionary biologists. These results provide novel insights into, and demonstrate a close general linkage between, demographic and evolutionary processes across diverse taxa. For the first time, our results also make it possible to interpret rapidly accumulating estimates of N b in the context of the rich body of evolutionary theory based on N e per generation.