Background: Policy makers seek to understand the trade-offs needed between economic growth and climate change. This provides the context to explore low-carbon development (LCD) pathways for the West African electricity system.

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The study evaluated the capability of current thermal generation to backup variation generation from solar energy penetration into the Nigerian power grid from a system operation perspective using security constraint unit commitment model. This provides an empirical evidence of the impacts that can tip the balance towards a sustainable future low carbon electricity mix. Through 10 and 20% solar energy penetration scenarios, greenhouse reduction of 1975.70 and 3590.03 lb/day, respectively, can be achieved. However, daily peak-valley net demand difference to be supplied by the thermal plants will increase from 702.5 to 857.5 and 1607.5 MW, numbers of daily start-up will increase from 23 to 30 and 25, daily system spinning reserve will increase from 723 to 757 and 815 MW and daily idle hours of the thermal plants will increase from 52 to 71 and 72 h, in a 10 and 20% solar energy integrated system, respectively. The daily operational revenue of the thermal plants will also reduce by 5.5 and 7.9% in a 10 and 20% solar energy integrated system, respectively. These are useful data in developing policy framework for the future electricity market as the country diversify her energy source and mitigate greenhouse effect.

This paper is concerned with effects that are considered undesirable for women and children in household energy utilization. In Nigeria, household energy utilization is significant where it contributes 53% to total energy consumption with bio-energy inclusive. 85% of bio-energy contribution to final energy consumption goes to service energy needs. Technology mix for cooking in households includes firewood stoves (41%), charcoal stoves (1%), kerosene stoves (53%), Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) stoves (4.5%) and electric burners (0.5%).Literature review, survey and application of simulation technique were employed as methodology. For the simulation technique, factors considered include impact of technological interventions as well as structural shifts among economic sectors and sub-sectors. With technology intervention, the simulated results indicate that savings of 1.5 billion kg Ceq, and the avoided cost of about $0.11 million/tonne Ceq, can be achieved. Economic benefits may include reduced health-related expenditure, time savings from shorter time spent on fuel collection and cooking, and environmental impacts at local levels.