Experiments 1, 2, and 3 showed that food-deprived rats responding for food pellets made significantly more long-duration leverpresses than water-deprived rats responding for water drops. These experiments further showed that this difference in instrumental response topography is long-lived, and depends neither upon idiosyncrasies of the experimental chamber nor upon severity of deprivation conditions. In Experiment 4, food-deprived rats responding for food pellets made significantly more long-duration leverpresses than did either food-or water-deprived rats responding for sucrose solution. Human judges in Experiment 5 were able to correctly identify instrumentalleverpress responses by rats as being for food or water based solelyon previous viewings of other rats drinking water or .f.l1ting food pellets. It appears that instrumental response topographies in rats vary depending principally upon the reinforcer received, and that these instrumental response topographies resemble consummatory response topographies.Using pigeons as subjects, Brown and Jenkins (1968) described a procedure labeled "auto-shaping" which is different from typical operant discrimination procedures, and which has generated considerable theoretical interest (e.g

Two experiments were performed to compare the Brown-Jenkins autoshaping procedure and instrumental conditioning in establishment and maintenance of instrumental responding in rats. In a lever-pressing situation, with presentation of the lever signaling trial onset, the 2 procedures were equally effective. In a situation in which illumination of a key signaled trial onset, and the response was pressing the key, the instrumental-training procedure was superior to the autoshaping procedure in establishing and maintaining instrumental responding.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate a Tele-P cognitive behavioural intervention (CBT) to promote the emotional functioning (i.e. reduce anxiety, depression and social isolation) and improve the quality of life (QoL) of caregivers of children who are ventilator dependent at home.Background: There is an urgent need for support of parents with technologydependent children. Research shows that the parents of children whose chronic illness require assisted-technology experience significant emotional stress, potential gaps in social isolation, and social isolation leading to lower quaility of life, unhealthy family functioning, and negative psychological consequences.Results: Participation in a Tele-P intervention significantly reduced caregivers' anxiety, depression and fatigue, and reduction was sustained in a 4 week follow-up period. There was no significant change in social isolation. Conclusion:Findings demonstrate preliminary efficacy of an innovative Tele-P intervention on outcomes of anxiety, depression and fatigue in an at-risk group of caregivers. Although the intervention did not improve self-reported social isolation, using technology in combination with established psychological support is an efficient way to better equip our mental health intervention systems to serve vulnerable populations.

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