A simple, low-cost, and nontoxic aqueous ink chemistry is described for digital printing of ZnO films. Selective design through controlled precipitation, purification, and dissolution affords an aqueous Zn(OH)(x)(NH(3))(y)((2-x)+) solution that is stable in storage, yet promptly decomposes at temperatures below 150 degrees C to form wurtzite ZnO. Dense, high-quality, polycrystalline ZnO films are deposited by ink-jet printing and spin-coating, and film structure is elucidated via X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Semiconductor film functionality and quality are examined through integration in bottom-gate thin-film transistors. Enhancement-mode TFTs with ink-jet printed ZnO channels annealed at 300 degrees C are found to exhibit strong field effect and excellent current saturation in tandem with incremental mobilities from 4-6 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). Spin-coated ZnO semiconductors processed at 150 degrees C are integrated with solution-deposited aluminum oxide phosphate dielectrics in functional transistors, demonstrating both high performance, i.e., mobilities up to 1.8 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), and the potential for low-temperature solution processing of all-oxide electronics.

Preparing new ternary compounds via traditional high temperature synthesis techniques is essentially limited to ternary compounds that are thermodynamically more stable than any mixture of binary compounds because binary compounds typically form as reaction intermediates. By using a precursor having elemental layers thinner than a critical thickness, it is possible to decrease diffusion times such that the layers interdiffuse before nucleation of binary compounds occurs at reacting interfaces. To nucleate the ternary compounds CuInSe 2 and CuCr 2 Se 4 directly from amorphous reaction intermediates, however, it is shown to be necessary to use the order of the elemental layers to control of the order of mixing of the elemental layers. Controlling layer thickness and layer sequence is a general strategy for avoiding binary compounds as reaction intermediates, providing a general approach to preparing kinetically stable ternary compounds.

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Transmural traumatic arterial wounds of major vessels can result in serious delayed complications, months or even years after the injury. False aneurysms, dissections, occlusions, and fistulas in the extremities may not be lethal, but they cause significant disability. Such lesions in the neck or trunk are more dangerous. Despite the inconvenience and expense, patients with injuries of major arteries are best served by early repair of the wound.