Abstract-This paper presents a generalized statistical texture analysis technique for characterizing and recognizing typical, diagnostically most important, vascular patterns relating to cervical lesions from colposcopic images. The contributions of the research include: 1) the introduction of a generalized texture analysis technique based on the combination of the conventional statistical and structural textural analysis approaches by using a statistical description of geometric primitives; 2) the introduction of a set of textural measures that capture the specific characteristics of cervical textures as perceived by human. Experimental study with real images demonstrated the feasibility and promising of the proposed approach in discriminating between cervical texture patterns indicative of different stages of cervical lesions.

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Large amplitude (⩾10 mV/m) electrostatic plasma waves near the upper hybrid (UH) frequency have been observed from 0° to 50° magnetic latitude (MLAT) during satellite plasma‐pause crossings. A three‐dimensional numerical ray tracing calculation, based on an electron distribution measured during a GEOS 1 dayside intense upper hybrid wave event, suggests how UH waves might achieve such large amplitudes away from the geomagnetic equator. Refractive effects largely control the wave amplification and, in particular, the unavoidable refraction due to parallel geomagnetic field gradients restricts growth to levels below those observed. However, a cold electron density gradient parallel to the field can lead to upper hybrid wave growth that can account for the observed emission levels.