Both the specific similarity of test items to study items and the grammaticality of test items were found to be major determinants of performance under task conditions common in the literature. Results bearing on the issue of how item-specific effects are coordinated with knowledge pooled across items are: (a) Better item memory resulted in smaller rather than larger effects of specific similarity on judgments of grammaticality, suggesting that items can be too well differentiated to support transfer to new items, (b) Variation in the effect of specific similarity did not result in compensatory variation in grammaticality, suggesting that any scheme that tightly links the effects of the two variables is insufficient, (c) Differential reliance on the 2 knowledge resources was not under good instructional control, which poses a problem for accounts that use functional task analyses to coordinate functionally different memories.

Preparation of this article was supported in part by operating grants to Lee R. Brooks and John R. Vokey from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. We thank Lorna Moore for her invaluable assistance in collecting the data and Kris Woeppel and Mathew Davidson for their contributions to earlier phases of the project.

Typical faces are more poorly discriminated on tests of recognition than are atypical faces, an effect suggested to mediate similar findings for attractive or likable faces. We tested the hypothesis that the effect of typicality on recognition is a function of context-free familiarity and memorability, which function in opposition. Two orthogonal principal components were extracted from subjects' ratings of faces for typicality, familiarity, attractiveness,likability, and memorability-one consisting of the ratings of familiarity, attractiveness, and likability, and reflecting context-free familiarity, and the other consisting of the memorability rating. As expected, typicality loaded equally (r "'" .66), but with opposite sign, on both components. In subsequent experiments, both components were found to be significant and additive predictors of face recognition with no residual effect of typicality. General familiarity decreased discrimination, and the memorability component enhanced it, supporting the hypothesis. The results are discussed in terms of the mirror effect.

The consistent, but often wrong, impressions people form of the size of unseen speakers are not random but rather point to a consistent misattribution bias, one that the advertising, broadcasting, and entertainment industries also routinely exploit. The authors report 3 experiments examining the perceptual basis of this bias. The results indicate that, under controlled experimental conditions, listeners can make relative size distinctions between male speakers using reliable cues carried in voice formant frequencies (resonant frequencies, or timbre) but that this ability can be perturbed by discordant voice fundamental frequency (F-sub-0, or pitch) differences between speakers. The authors introduce 3 accounts for the perceptual pull that voice F-sub-0 can exert on our routine (mis)attributions of speaker size and consider the role that voice F-sub-0 plays in additional voice-based attributions that may or may not be reliable but that have clear size connotations.

(2000, Exps. 1 & 3) demonstrated that a slight increase in the display duration of a briefly presented word prior to displaying it in the clear for a recognition response increased the bias to respond "old". In the current research, three experiments investigated the phenomenology associated with this illusion of memory using the standard remember-know procedure and a new, independent-scales methodology. Contrary to expectations based on the fluency heuristic, which predicts effects of display duration on subjective familiarity only, the results indicated that the illusion was reported as both familiarity and recollection. Furthermore, manipulations of prime duration induced reports of false recollection in all experiments. The results-in particular, the implications of illusory recollection-are discussed in terms of dualprocess, fuzzy-trace, two-criteria signal detection models and attribution models of recognition memory.Over the past 30 years, dual-process theory (e.g., Atkinson & Juola, 1973, 1974Jacoby, 1991;Jacoby & Dallas, 1981;Mandler, 1979Mandler, , 1980Yonelinas, 1994Yonelinas, , 1997 has remained a dominant account of recognition memory. The theory proposes that recognition memory is based on two qualitatively and quantitatively distinct processes, commonly referred to as recollection and familiarity (see Yonelinas, 2002, for a recent review). Recollection (with or without familiarity) involves the conscious retrieval of veridical episodic information from an earlier encounter with a stimulus and gives rise to a feeling of reliving a past event. On the other hand, familiarity is associated with fluent conceptual and perceptual processing, stimulus similarity, and a vague, source nonspecific feeling of remembrance. Thus, it follows from dual-process Requests for reprints should be sent to