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The forces that shaped Canada's digital innovations in the postwar period. After World War II, other major industrialized nations responded to the technological and industrial hegemony of the United States by developing their own design and manufacturing competence in digital electronic technology. In this book John Vardalas describes the quest for such competence in Canada, exploring the significant contributions of the civilian sector but emphasizing the role of the Canadian military in shaping radical technological change. As he shows, Canada's determination to be an active participant in research and development work on advanced weapons systems, and in the testing of those weapons systems, was a cornerstone of Canadian technological development during the years 1945-1980. Vardalas presents case studies of such firms as Ferranti-Canada, Sperry Gyroscope of Canada, and Control Data of Canada. In contrast to the standard nationalist interpretation of Canadian subsidiaries of transnational corporations as passive agents, he shows them to have been remarkably innovative and explains how their aggressive programs to develop all-Canadian digital R&D and manufacturing capacities influenced technological development in the United States and in Great Britain. While underlining the unprecedented role of the military in the creation of peacetime scientific and technical skills, Vardalas also examines the role of government and university research programs, including Canada's first computerized systems for mail sorting and airline reservations. Overall, he presents a nuanced account of how national economic, political, and corporate forces influenced the content, extent, and direction of digital innovation in Canada.

Immediately prior to joining IEEE in 1997, he was Group Manager at Eric Marder Associates, a New York market research firm, where he supervised Ph.D. scientists and social scientists undertaking market analyses for Fortune 500 high-tech companies. He is also a registered Patent Agent. He holds S.B. degrees in electrical engineering and in anthropology from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in anthropology from Harvard University. His research focus has been on the history and social relations of technology. He has worked as an electronics engineer for the Department of Defense, and he has held teaching and research positions relating to the social study of technology at M.I.T., Harvard, and Yale University, including a stint as Assistant Collections Manager/Curator at Harvard's Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology.

) investigated the reasons for an elongated projection at the bow of Mediterranean galleys. Using a 1:20 base model adapted from the Trireme Trust's Olympias fitted with: 1) an elongated projection; and 2) a control bow similar to excavated merchant ships, tow-tank tests were carried out at various speeds. Hydrodynamic resistance and power were calculated for each bow type. Above speeds corresponding to 6 knots, the cutwater bow significantly attenuated the model's bow waves when compared to the control bow. These results were then compared to those of the ship with a ram-type bow from experiments conducted in 1985 at the National Technical University of Athens, which showed similar wave-attenuating characteristics. © 2016 The AuthorsKey words: cutwater, ram, bow, galley, trireme, hydrodynamics.I n 2014, Michael Geselowitz and John Vardalas (of the IEEE History Center) piloted a new kind of humanities course at the Stevens Institute of Technology (SIT). The course 'Engineering in History', a survey of engineering from prehistory to the 17th century of our era, aimed to marry hands-on laboratory classes with traditional history lectures. Vardalas encouraged his students to explore the design and use of technology in problem-solving scenarios in different historical contexts. Vardalas, who has a special interest in maritime history, wanted to design a term project around the theme of ancient vessels, a choice that was influenced by the world-class facilities in marine engineering and naval architecture at Stevens. He accordingly contacted Larrie Ferreiro, who involved William Murray, who in turn asked Jeffrey Royal to collaborate. A few conference calls and a quick exchange of emails convinced us all that the class might usefully study a long-standing question in Mediterranean ship design: the introduction of the ram/cutwater bow on long, narrow Mediterranean galleys.Students in the class were broken into two teams: one testing a vessel with an ancient cutwater design, the other testing the same hull but with a more conventional-looking bow. Hull lines were based on Olympias, the famous trireme designed by J. F. Coates and J. S. Morrison, built by the Hellenic Navy, and launched in 1987 (Morrison and Coates, 1989;Morrison et al., 2000). We freely acknowledge the methodological problems involved with using these lines, which Coates developed specifically to merge with a ram prow. Nevertheless, considering the constraints placed on us by the timing of the course exercise, we felt they provided a good starting point for our test. These lines had the additional advantage of being made immediately available to us (both drawings and offsets) by the Trireme Trust, whom we wish to W. M. MURRAY ET AL.: AN EXPERIMENT IN ANCIENT CUTWATER HYDROGRAPHICSthank. Without this information, it would have been impossible to produce our 3D hull models in time for the scheduled tests. Based on ancient ship iconography and knowledge of ancient ship construction, the authors also produced a cutwater design that was then given to the Dav...

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