Aktualioji sakinio skaida-prasminis sakinio skaidymas pagal turinį, išskiriant temą ir remą-buvo viena iš projekto "Kompleksinis lietuvių kalbos teksto prozodijos tyrimas: intonacija, ritmas ir loginis kirtis" sudedamųjų dalių. Straipsnis skirtas teoriniams darbams apie aktualiąją sakinio skaidą apžvelgti, rašytinio teksto temos ir remos vietai sakinyje, siejimo ypatumams, temos ir remos santykiui su loginiu kirčiu aptarti. Darbe remiamasi 35 valandų trukmės įvairių stilių tekstų įrašų perrašyta ir anotuota medžiaga. Tyrimas parodė, kad lietuvių kalboje tekstai dažniausiai siejami grandininiu būdu, kai tema eina prieš remą (77 proc. visų išanalizuotų sakinių). Sakiniai, kuriuose rema eina prieš temą, ir rema laikytini nepilnieji, elipsiniai sakiniai sudaro 23 proc. tirtų sakinių; pastarojo modelio sakiniai dažnesni meninio ir buitinio stilių, dialoginės kalbos tekstuose. Tipiškos siejimo priemonės yra įvairaus pobūdžio kartojimas, įvardinis pakeitimas, apibendrinamąją reikšmę turintys žodžiai ir žodžių junginiai. Adresanto ketinimų, konteksto nulemtą galimą keleriopą temos ir remos skirtį parodo sintagmos pauzė. Pagrindiniai sakinių aktualiosios skaidos rodikliai yra neutralioji arba atvirkštinė žodžių tvarka ir loginis kirtis. Remoje beveik visada būna loginį kirtį turintis žodis arba žodžių junginys. Įprastos žodžių tvarkos sakiniuose loginis kirtis kartais būna vienintelis remos rodiklis. Loginiu kirčiu paryškinamas ir ilgesnių sakinių temos bei remos centras.

The word saulė (‘the sun’) and the denotation indicated by it has a lot of meanings in the Lithuanian culture: the mythologists, philosophers, art critics, and literature critics have written about this phenomenon. The article analyses the derivational family of the noun saulė. Having analysed the derivatives with the root word saul (or one of the root words) found in various sources and the relations between them, the following conclusions have been drawn.The derivational family, the centre of which is the noun saulė, consists of 287 derivatives: mostly nouns (78 per cent of all derivatives), adjectives (15 per cent), verbs (4 per cent) and adverbs (3 per cent). First degree derivatives are dominant, i.e. such derivatives whose underlying word (or one of them) is the noun saulė: cf. first degree derivatives make 74 per cent of all derivatives, and 26 per cent of all derivatives of further derivation stages.The nouns are formed by using all derivational types; however, the compound nouns prevail: they make 69 per cent of all noun derivatives. 61 per cent of compounds are with the second verbal component. The components of 34 per cent of compounds are linked with the vowel -ė-. Some compounds have direct meanings (they denote purpose and place), and many more compounds have figurative meanings (metaphorical and metonymic). The noun saulė almost always (99 per cent) is the first component of the first degree compounds.There are a few neologisms – the derivatives or the derivatives that have acquired a new meaning – in the derivational family of the noun saulė. New realia are named as neologisms or they are variants and synonyms of derivatives incorporated in dictionaries.The research revealed that, in the Lithuanian language, the same entities (mostly plants, phenomena) are named in terms of variation: 40 rows of derivational variants (DV) and 33 rows of derivational synonyms (DS) have been formed and discussed. The plant saulėgrąža (‘a sunflower’) and the time when the sun sets down saulėlydis (‘the sunset’) have a particularly high number of conjugate names: in these rows of DV and DS, there are 33 and 29 derivatives, respectively. Although in many cases DV and DS are the words of a close (or even identical) semantical meaning, their usage and frequency differ: usually only one member of the DV and the DS row is common to the contemporary Lithuanian language, it is often used, while other derivatives often belong to the passive lexis and are known to a small part of the Lithuanian language users, or are recorded in written sources. In rare cases, conjugate derivatives are related in terms of antonyms.

Lietuvių kalboje yra asmenis pavadinančių darinių, turinčių panašius baigmenis -eiva ir -eivis, -ė. Žodžių darybos veikaluose rašoma apie priesagos -eiva darybos tipą, o apie -eivis, -ė darinius tik vienur kitur užsimenama. Šiame straipsnyje taikant darybinės, semantinės analizės ir substitucijos metodus analizuojami Lietuvių kalbos žodyne, Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne, Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno antraštyne, Skaitmeninės Lietuvių kalbos žodyno papildymų kartotekoje, Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne ir Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyne rasti dariniai, turintys baigmenį -eivis, ė. Mokslinės literatūros ir empirinės medžiagos analizė atskleidė, kad dalis baigmenį -eivis, -ė turinčių darinių yra mišrios darybos (kompozicijossufiksacijos rezultatas), bet tam tikrais atvejais (sinchroniškai) -eivis, -ė galima laikyti priesaga.Taigi žodžių darybos veikaluose vardažodinės ypatybės turėtojų, veikėjų ir veiksmažodinės ypatybės turėtojų darybos kategorijose greta esamo -eiva darybos tipo būtų tikslinga nurodyti ir besiformuojantį -eivis, -ė darybos tipą. ĮVADASLietuvių kalboje yra keturi pagrindiniai žodžių darybos būdai: sufiksacija, duodanti priesagų vedinių, prefiksacija, duodanti priešdėlių vedinių, paradigm(iz)acija, duodanti galūnių vedinių, ir kompozicija, duodanti dūrinių. Kartais išsyk reiškiasi du darybos būdai -paprastai prefiksacija ir sufiksacija, kompozicija ir sufiksacija, taigi kalbama ir apie mišrųjį darybos būdą

Although the Lithuanian and English languages are bound within the family of IndoEuropean languages, the typological differences between the two languages lie in the system of inflectional and derivational morphology. The paper analyses the concept of nominalization and discusses the deverbal process and result nominalizations in Lithuanian and English. For the comparative qualitative and quantitative analysis, 965 equivalents of deverbal nouns have been selected from the “Parallel Corpus”. Out of them, 802 examples belong to the category of deverbal process nouns, whilst the category of deverbal result nouns includes 163 examples. From the point of view of morphology, in both languages nominalization is a word-formation process by which a noun is derived from a verb, adjective or another noun, or even other parts of speech, usually through suffixation and by adding the ending in the Lithuanian language. Two types of nominalization can be found across languages: lexical and syntactic. Lexical nominalization refers to the formation of deverbal nouns or nominal words derived from the verb or a nominal word, and syntactic nominalization refers to turning a clause into a noun phrase. In summary, the investigation of the derivational affixes of deverbal nouns in Lithuanian and their equivalents in English has revealed the following differences: in Lithuanian, the deverbal nominalizations – deverbal process nouns and deverbal result nouns – can be formed with 132 suffixes and 5 endings, whilst in English – with 10 suffixes and by employing the derivational strategy of conversion. Also, the analysis of the empirical material revealed that the suffix -imas/-ymas in Lithuanian prevails in forming deverbal process nouns (they make 73 per cent of all deverbal process nouns), while the suffix -inys is the most prolific in forming deverbal result nouns (they make 38 per cent of all deverbal result nouns). The English equivalents usually have the suffix -ion/-tion/-sion/-ation, quite many derivatives have the suffix -ing. It should be noted that deverbal nominalizations in the Lithuanian language often correlate with abstract and concrete nouns (non-derivatives) in the English language: 23 per cent of all derivatives in Lithuanian have more than one equivalent (derivative or non-derivative) in English.

The Lithuanian language constantly acquires neologisms: some are used to name new things, while others are used as synonyms of common words. The Lithuanian language is rich in derivational synonyms, i. e. cognate derivatives having different word formation formants and similar lexical meaning. The rows of derivational synonyms are not static: they disappear or become shorter with the loss of a derivative or when the meaning of the derivative disappears; they are formed or become longer when a neologism or a new meaning of the derivative appear. The research material includes the derivational neologisms found in the prose texts of Lithuanian authors that are used as the synonyms of regular derivatives. The article discusses the newly formed or prolonged rows of derivational synonyms: the formation of neologisms, usage tendencies, substitution possibilities are analysed.