In access challenged patients, LEAVG and HeRO offer similar rates of secondary patency, infection, and all-cause mortality. The LEAVG required fewer interventions to maintain patency, and the HeRO maintains the benefit of utilizing the upper extremity site of venous drainage. In our practice, we prefer the HeRO to LEAVG, especially in patients with peripheral arterial disease and in the obese population, because it preserves lower extremity access options.

Use of VCD in the brachial artery following an endovascular procedure showed equivalence to MC.

Takayasu's arteritis is a rare form of aortic vasculitis, typically described in young Asian females. In this article, we report a unique presentation of type V Takayasu's arteritis in a Hispanic male. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of Takayasu's arteritis presenting with the triad of angina, amaurosis fugax, and subclavian steal syndrome. On diagnostic imaging, he was found to have left subclavian and axillary artery stenosis requiring balloon angioplasty. The patient responded to the combination of medical and surgical treatment with full recovery.

A low GSM value was associated with increased perioperative risk when CAS was performed for native carotid lesions, but a low GSM value was not associated with higher procedural risk when carotid stenting was performed for carotid stenosis after CEA (restenosis). GSM analysis for restenosis may be altered by the time interval from CEA to restenosis.

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