This article explores the relationship between Indigenous knowledge, mapping, and contemporary GIS applications. It commences with an introduction to Indigenous peoples and Indigenous knowledge, as well as a review of reasons why Indigenous peoples are mapping. Using a diffusion of innovation model as an organizational framework, the article then examines the adoption and use of GIS by Indigenous peoples, based on published literature as well as on the authors' fieldwork, personal observations, and experiences. Attention is drawn to research areas and issues that seem lacking or are poorly addressed. Suggestions for future inquiry to advance understanding of the relationship between high-technology mapping and the recording and communication of Indigenous knowledge are offered.