Generalized multiprotocol label switching, also referred to as multiprotocol lambda switching, supports not only devices that perform packet switching, but also those that perform switching in the time, wavelength, and space domains. The development of GMPLS requires modifications to current signaling and routing protocols. It has also triggered the development of new protocols such as the Link Management Protocol. In this article, we present the traffic engineering enhancements to the Open Shortest Path First Internet routing protocol [1] and IS-IS Intradomain Routing Protocol ([2, 3]), two popular routing protocols, to support GMPLS. We present the concepts of generalized interfaces, label-switched path hierarchy, and link bundling intended to improve GMPLS scalability. We also discuss the Link Management Protocol which can be used to make the underlying links more manageable.

Objective correlates—behavioral, functional, and neural—provide essential tools for the scientific study of consciousness. But reliance on these correlates should not lead to the ‘fallacy of misplaced objectivity’: the assumption that only objective properties should and can be accounted for objectively through science. Instead, what needs to be explained scientifically is what experience is intrinsically—its subjective properties—not just what we can do with it extrinsically. And it must be explained; otherwise the way experience feels would turn out to be magical rather than physical. We argue that it is possible to account for subjective properties objectively once we move beyond cognitive functions and realize what experience is and how it is structured. Drawing on integrated information theory, we show how an objective science of the subjective can account, in strictly physical terms, for both the essential properties of every experience and the specific properties that make particular experiences feel the way they do.

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