Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has many comorbid psychiatric problems including major depressive disorder (MDD). In the present study, we compared the neurobiological differences between MDD without comorbidity (MDD-only) and MDD comorbid with IGD (MDD+IGD) by analyzing the quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) findings. We recruited 14 male MDD+IGD (mean age, 20.0 ± 5.9 years) and 15 male MDD-only (mean age, 20.3 ± 5.5 years) patients. The electroencephalography (EEG) coherences were measured using a 21-channel digital EEG system and computed to assess synchrony in the frequency ranges of alpha (7.5–12.5 Hz) and beta (12.5–35.0 Hz) between the following 12 electrode site pairs: inter-hemispheric (Fp1–Fp2, F7–F8, T3–T4, and P3–P4) and intra-hemispheric (F7–T3, F8–T4, C3–P3, C4–P4, T5–O1, T6–O2, P3–O1, and P4–O2) pairs. Differences in inter- and intra-hemispheric coherence values for the frequency bands between groups were analyzed using the independent t-test. Inter-hemispheric coherence value for the alpha band between Fp1–Fp2 electrodes was significantly lower in MDD+IGD than MDD-only patients. Intra-hemispheric coherence value for the alpha band between P3–O1 electrodes was higher in MDD+IGD than MDD-only patients. Intra-hemispheric coherence values for the beta band between F8–T4, T6–O2, and P4–O2 electrodes were higher in MDD+IGD than MDD-only patients. There appears to be an association between decreased inter-hemispheric connectivity in the frontal region and vulnerability to attention problems in the MDD+IGD group. Increased intra-hemisphere connectivity in the fronto-temporo-parieto-occipital areas may result from excessive online gaming.

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Cellulitis is a bacterial infection in the deep dermal layer and subcutaneous tissue. It usually manifests as erythema, tenderness, and swelling of the skin. Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus are known as major causes of cellulitis. 1 Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of foodborne enteric infections in developing countries and may cause refractory cellulitis in immunocompromised patients. 2 Here we report a case of multidrug-resistant C. jejuni cellulitis in an X-linked agammaglobulinaemia patient.A 42-year-old male was referred to our department with a 6-month history of unresolved swelling in the right lower leg. The patient was diagnosed with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia at 3 years of age and had undertaken monthly intravenous infusions of immunoglobulin. He also had been treated with clarithromycin (200 mg/day) for chronic bronchitis and chronic sinusitis for over 10 years. During our physical examination, a diffuse erythematous lesion with tenderness on the right lower leg was observed (Figure 1A). Laboratory examinations showed elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) (7.44 mg/dl; reference value: 0-0.14 mg/dl), but a white blood cell count within the normal range (6600/μl; reference value: 3300-8600/μl).The skin lesion was diagnosed as bacterial cellulitis, and we started antibiotic treatment with cefaclor (750 mg/day). However, the lesion did not improve. We then started the administration of oral minocycline (200 mg/day) for 30 days; however, the patient's skin symptoms appeared intractable. A blood culture test detected C. jejuni that was resistant to macrolides and fluoroquinolones. We changed the treatment to intravenous meropenem (1000 mg/day) (Figure 1B). After 6 days, the symptoms of cellulitis were considerably relieved, along with decreases in CRP levels (Figure 1C). At that time, C. jejuni was not detected in blood culture tests. We continued to administer intravenous