The present study examines a group of secondary teachers' and parents' appraisals of gender gaps in secondary students' self-assessment of competence in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) and non-STEM domains. Eight focus groups with 39 parents and 34 secondary teachers were conducted for this purpose. In light of the observed gender gaps in students' performance and selfperception of ability in the different subject areas, the participants were particularly surprised by girls' underestimation of their abilities in STEM subjects, compared with boys' tendency to overestimate their abilities in STEM. Most participants agreed on the need for measures to combat these inaccuracies and discussed possible causes. Some participants associated these gender disparities in students' self-assessment of ability with gender gaps in their choices of subject areas and occupations. The role played by school, teachers, families, and other socialization agents in reinforcing gender stereotypes about academic competence was also discussed in most of the focus groups. Interestingly, some teachers questioned why gender attainments obtained in schools do not serve as an example when it comes to neutralizing the sexism and gender inequality messages offered by the media and society. Likewise, technology teachers proposed changes in school practices to close gender gaps in certain areas (i.e., boys' appropriation of the playground, or the reproduction of gender roles in the classroom). Few parents acknowledged their unconscious reproduction of gender roles and stereotypes in raising their children.
El objetivo de este artículo radica en analizar las presiones que recibe el sistema educativo para adaptarlo a las necesidades del mundo económico. Para ello se examinan las direcciones que está tomando en tres planos diferentes. En primer lugar, se aborda el papel de la innovación educativa vinculada al desarrollo de aplicaciones tecnológicas, que no solo está configurando nuevos modelos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, sino también oportunidades de negocio inspiradas en la industria del entretenimiento, amenazando así la continuidad del sistema educativo tal y como lo conocemos hoy en día. En segundo lugar, se examina el enfoque pedagógico de las competencias que, más allá de promover cambios en la cultura escolar, favorece el desarrollo de una visión pragmática y económica de la educación. Finalmente, y partiendo del discurso en torno a la educación competencial y la teoría de las inteligencias múltiples, se analiza el papel que está tomando el fomento de las competencias emocionales en educación a partir de la influencia de la psicología positiva y la industria de la felicidad. Las conexiones entre estos tres planos nos permiten mostrar hasta qué punto contribuyen a configurar subjetividades funcionales a la racionalidad neoliberal que nos gobierna. Ante estas tendencias, cabe reivindicar la renovación del compromiso pedagógico con las nuevas generaciones, que no puede quedar reducido a una formación a la carta dirigida al desarrollo profesional ni a una cultura educativa interesada tan solo en las competencias emocionales y el fomento del espíritu emprendedor. En oposición a las tendencias pedagógicas actuales que defienden un modelo de ciudadanía individualista y psicológico, la perspectiva que sostenemos en este artículo -siguiendo a Hannah Arendt- entiende ese compromiso pedagógico como el esfuerzo permanente por poner en contacto al sujeto con la cultura, el deseo de saber y la apertura a un mundo común.
This study examines Spanish secondary school teachers’ views of gender differences in academic achievement and study choices. Thirty-six secondary school teachers participated in semi-structured interviews. Most teachers acknowledged that girls had better school performance, particularly in reading comprehension. Some were also acquainted with a higher predisposition to underachieve in boys. However, the teachers used different biology-centered arguments to explain these gender disparities. For many of the participants, that girls matured earlier than their male counterparts facilitates their adaptation to school demands. Likewise, a few teachers argued that the feminization of school favors girls’ adjustment to school demands, whereas a number of them discussed that male adolescents do not consider school to be part of their gender identity. The usual attribution of intellectual abilities and effort to boys and girls was also discussed. In addition, socio-cultural and biological factors were accounted for gender differences in study choices.
Este trabajo explora el campo de la educación social digital a través de una encuesta sobre la formación y las competencias digitales de las educadoras/es sociales. Participan 145 educadoras/es sociales colegiadas/os en el territorio español mediante un cuestionario de elaboración propia. Se realiza un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio en las variables sobre competencias digitales para evaluar su validez, junto al coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach para su fiabilidad. Se utiliza estadística descriptiva para conocer su formación y competencias digitales. Los resultados se orientan a la elaboración de un programa de educación social digital para proporcionar una alfabetización digital crítica.
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