Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Abstract: We use newly launched and some never-before analyzed datasets, to assess the recent economic and policy determinants of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. We estimate panel data models for the years between 2002 and 2007 for 368 municipalities in the region using municipality fixed effects and GMM. The results show that recent deforestation is driven by fluctuations in meat and soybean prices, it increases with rural credit availability, and with the size of rural reform settlements, while it decreases with protected areas. Moreover we find that higher presence of the Brazilian environmental police (IBAM A) was effective in reducing deforestation rates. Terms of use: Documents in

Regulatory enforcement of forest conservation laws is often dismissed as an ineffective approach to reducing tropical forest loss. Yet, effective enforcement is often a precondition for alternative conservation measures, such as payments for environmental services, to achieve desired outcomes. Fair and efficient policies to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) will thus crucially depend on understanding the determinants and requirements of enforcement effectiveness. Among potential REDD candidate countries, Brazil is considered to possess the most advanced deforestation monitoring and enforcement infrastructure. This study explores a unique dataset of over 15 thousand point coordinates of enforcement missions in the Brazilian Amazon during 2009 and 2010, after major reductions of deforestation in the region. We study whether local deforestation patterns have been affected by field-based enforcement and to what extent these effects vary across administrative boundaries. Spatial matching and regression techniques are applied at different spatial resolutions. We find that field-based enforcement operations have not been universally effective in deterring deforestation during our observation period. Inspections have been most effective in reducing large-scale deforestation in the states of Mato Grosso and Pará, where average conservation effects were 4.0 and 9.9 hectares per inspection, respectively. Despite regional and actor-specific heterogeneity in inspection effectiveness, field-based law enforcement is highly cost-effective on average and might be enhanced by closer collaboration between national and state-level authorities.

22 Revista DAE nº192 maio-agosto 2013 ResumoEste artigo apresenta uma análise do diagnóstico da gestão dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) no Brasil focando a destinação final e os resíduos orgânicos. A elaboração se deu, principalmente, a partir das informações contidas na Pesquisa Nacional de Saneamento Básico (PNSB) e no Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento (SNIS). Os resultados apontam que, em 2008, somente 1,6% dos resíduos eram encaminhados à compostagem e 60% dos RSU eram destinados para aterros sanitários. No entanto, 86% dos municípios realizavam a disposição em lixões e aterros controlados. A partir deste diagnóstico infere-se que é necessário incentivar a implantação de novas unidades de compostagem e os programas devem levar em consideração a separação dos resíduos orgânicos na fonte. Para se alcançar a meta da erradicação dos lixões (Lei 12.305/2010), a formação de consórcios públicos surge como alternativa para os municípios, principalmente para os de pequeno porte. Palavras-chave:Resíduos sólidos urbanos, compostagem, disposição final. AbstractThis paper evaluates the performance of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management in Brazil. We focus on composting and on solid waste final disposal. The evaluation is mainly based on the "Pesquisa Nacional de Saneamento Básico" and on the "Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento". In 2008, only 1.6% of organic waste was sent for composting plants and 60% of MSW were disposed in landfills, but 86% of municipalities sent their waste to dumps or controlled landfills. For composting, it is important to develop more plants. In order to guarantee composting programs and, projects ´effectiveness, they must take into account the separation of organic waste at source, institutional arrangements, legislation and consumer market. Consortia to dispose waste, mainly for small cities, could be a solution to achieve the goal of dumps eradication.

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