Com a intensa utilização da artéria torácica interna (ATI) na operação de revascularização do miocárdio, estudamos sua anatomia com a finalidade de esclarecer aspectos morfológicos que possibilitem extender sua utilização e prevenir complicações pós-operatórias. Em 100 cadáveres foram retirados os plastrões esternocostais e injetadas as ATIs com Látex Neoprene. A ATI originou-se diretamente da artéria subclávica em 82,5% e de um tronco comum com outras artérias em 17,5%. O comprimento médio foi de 20,4 ± 2,1 cm e o ponto de terminação mais freqüente foi ao nível do 6º espaço intercostal (e.i.) (52,5%). A forma de terminação se fez como bifurcação em 93% e como trifurcação em 7%. A relação da ATI com a margem esternal foi de 10,3 ± 3,2 mm ao nível do 1º e.i. e 19,2 ± 6,0 mm ao nível do 6º e.i. A ATI está recoberta pelo músculo transverso do tórax numa extensão média de 7,5 ± 2,7 cm e apresenta o ramo costal lateral em 15%. O nervo frênico é anterior à ATI em 70% e posterior em 30%. O estudo forneceu subsídios que podem contribuir para minimizar as complicações pós-operatórias.
The internal thoracic artery (ITA) was studied because of its increased utilization in myocardial revascularization surgery due to the excellent long-term results. A review of its anatomical characteristics to clear some morphological aspects was made, aiming to help the extension of its utilization and prevent operative complications. The study was carried out in 100 cadavers; the anterior sternocostal wall of the thorax was removed and the arteries were injected with Neoprene Latex. The ITA originated directly from the subclavian artery in 82.5% and from a common trunk with other arteries in 17.5%. Its lenght was 20.4 ± 2.1 cm in average and the most frequent end point was the 6th intercostal space (52.5%). The end point form was as bifurcation in 93% and as trifurcation in 7%. The relation of ITA with the sternal margins was, on average, 10.3 ± 3.2 mm at the level of first intercostal space and 19.2 ± 6.0 mm at the level of 6th intercostal space. It was covered by the transverse muscle of thorax in a distance of 7.5 ± 2.7 cm long (average) and the lateral costal branch was present in 15%. The ITA was crossed anteriorly by phrenic nerve in 70% and posteriorly in 30%. Informations provided by this study may help prevent complications in ITA dissections and to improve our knowledgement on its anatomical characteristics
The internal thoracic artery was studied because of its recent use in the revascularization of the myocardium in patients with coronary artery disease. The artery of 50 cadavers of adult individuals of either sex, whose age ranged from 20 to 84 years, was studied after neoprene latex injection. Its origin, relation to the phrenic nerve and origin of the pericardiacophrenic artery were investigated. The left and right phrenic nerves cross the artery anteriorly in 54% of the cases and posteriorly in 14%. The right nerve crosses the artery anteriorly and the left posteriorly in 22%, and the reverse occurs in 10%. The origin of the internal thoracic artery is much more frequent from the subclavian artery (80%) than from a common trunk with other arteries (20%). The pericardiacophrenic artery is a branch of the internal thoracic artery in 99% of the cases and the average distance between the origins of these two arteries is 3.9 +/- 1.3 cm.
RESUMEN:El corazón del avestruz (Struthio camelus), al igual que el corazón de las aves domésticas, tiene una valva atrioventricular derecha muscular sin cuerdas tendinosas, y una valva atrioventricular izquierda membranosa con cuerdas tendinosas que se extienden entre las cúspides y 3 músculos papilares. El objetivo del estudio fue describir los músculos papilares, número, ubicación y algunas características morfológicas. Se utilizaron 50 corazones de avestruz (Struthio camelus), que fueron disecados y fijados en formalina tamponada al 10%, y se obtuvieron cortes histológicos de 7 micras los cuales fueron teñidos con Van Gieson y H-E. El estudio macroscópico mostró ausencia de músculos papilares en el ventrículo derecho y en el ventrículo izquierdo 3 masas musculares formadas por trabéculas carnosas longitudinales que dan inserción a las cuerdas tendinosas. En los cortes histológicos se observó que los puntos de inserción dorsal y ventral de la valva atrioventricular derecha a la pared ventricular, son prolongaciones del músculo que forma la valva y presentan fibras conductoras cardíacas. En el ventrículo izquierdo, las trabéculas carnosas longitudinales también presentan fibras conductoras cardíacas las que se extienden hasta la zona de inserción de las cuerdas tendinosas. Los resultados muestran que el corazón del avestruz (Struthio camelus) no tiene músculos papilares de forma cónica como en el corazón humano, son formaciones musculares más desarrolladas que en el corazón de las aves domésticas y funcionalmente actúan como músculos papilares al presentar fibras conductoras cardíacas.PALABRAS CLAVE: Anatomía; Corazón; Avestruz; Músculos papilares. INTRODUCCIÓNEl avestruz pertenece a un grupo de aves denominadas ratites, cuyas especies más importantes desde el punto de vista comercial son el avestruz originario de Africa, el emú de Australia y el ñandú de Sudamérica. Ratites es un término inglés que comprende un grupo de aves que se caracterizan por ser buenas corredoras, que han perdido su capacidad de volar (por lo que carecen de músculos pectorales y de quilla en el esternón) y que anidan en el suelo. El avestruz se agrupa de acuerdo a la siguiente clasificación taxonómica: Clase Aves, Orden Estrucioniformes, Familia Estrucionidae, Género Struthio y Especie Camelus.La variedad comercial que se reproduce en Chile corresponde a un híbrido, el Struthio camelus var. domesticus, denominado African Black, que se originó principalmente en las subespecies sudafricanas S.c. australis, S.c. camelus y S.c. syriacus, entre otras. La explotación del avestruz se presenta como una nueva alternativa para diversificar la agricultura en nuestro país. La cría del avestruz se ha convertido en una industria de rápido crecimiento, que ha pasado a ser una fuente interesante de ingresos. Se reproducen hasta los 40 años, y producen anualmente cinco veces más volumen de carne y cuero que lo que produce el ganado vacuno. Además, ocupan poco espacio y tienen una mejor conversión alimenticia. Los productos que se pueden obtener de esta...
Mesoscopic study of the irrigation of the lumbosacral segment of the spinal cord and the roots of the cauda equina was carried out in corpses of 18 Brazilian newborns of either sex. Through the abdominal portion of the aorta nine newborns were injected with neoprene latex and the others were injected with a 5% solution of gelatin coloured with black Indian ink. The latter were cleared by the Spalteholz technique. Two types of arterial distribution were determined: (a) proximal and distal radicular arteries supplying the corresponding roots, which presented in their middle third an arterial low density, that is, hypo-irrigation; (b) segmental spinal arteries, varying in number, more frequent on the left side and having a larger caliber than that of the radicular arteries, accompanying the roots without providing collateral branches to the neural roots and anastomosed with the spinal arteries.
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