Delgado-González, 0. y Ochoa, J. (1990). Espectro direccional del oleaje estimado con información de las fluctuaciones de presión y componentes horizontales de velocidad. Wind wave directional spectrum estimated from information on fluctuations of pressure and horizontal velocity components. Ciencias Marinas, 16(2): l-30. RESUMEN A partir de las fluctuaciones de presión y la velocidad horizontal en un punto, se pueden calcular cuatro "datos" o restricciones que la distribución angular de oleaje debe cumplir (Longuet-Higgins er al., 1963; Nagata, 1964). El ajuste que Long (1980) propone se puede hacer con funciones sencillas de dos parámetros, de los cuales uno indica la dirección de propagación predominante, y el otro la rapidez de decaimiento simétrico en su alrededor o directividad. Los "datos" no son cantidades con certeza absoluta, sino estimaciones a partir de las cuales es posible cuantificar el comportamiento promedio de sus errores. Esto permite la formulación de una hipótesis estadística que califica el ajuste como aceptable o rechazable (Long, 1980) ya que la bondad de ajuste se puede comparar con lo esperado. Se utilizan datos sintéticos para inferir el lfmite del ajuste aceptable. Utilizando este procedimiento con datos obtenidos en las costas de San Felipe, B.C., se concluye que el espectro direccional no puede tener la sencillez de los modelos unimodales empleados.
The ability to teach foreign languages effectively has become an increasingly important skill to develop and improve the language proficiency of students. Teachers need to develop and apply proactive and positive attitudes to foster new levels of foreign language learning within their students. Teaching, on its own, is not a panacea for success. This paper investigates how teachers at the Universidad de Oriente (UO) in Santiago de Cuba search for and apply innovative ways of teaching foreign languages to their students within current boundaries. The results from this research show that there is a positive relationship between the level of proficiency in a foreign language and the methods and approaches teachers apply to keep students motivated and interested in the subject matter. The literature review from this study provided supportive evidence which was strengthened with insights from face to face interviews and a focus group meeting. The outcomes confirmed that students, who are exposed regularly to practical and diverse teaching methods, are more likely to exceed the expected foreign language proficiency levels set by the UO"s quality standards.
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