There is a growing interest in model-based decision support systems contributing to strategic planning. The application of these in the case of urban infrastructure planning requires methods specifically aimed at addressing the relational uncertainties arising from the complex, multi-scale nature of this field. This study presents UPSS, a comprehensive urban planning support system integrating the generation of planning alternatives, the evaluation of alternatives under a set of relevant scenarios selected dynamically in a cognitive way, and the proposal of policies to accompany the planning alternative. For this purpose, UPSS integrates two novel methods which deal respectively with the ex post identification of relevant scenarios for the evaluation of the vulnerability and resilience of the alternatives, and with the assessment of relational uncertainty. According to the risks and opportunities borne by the system, the process makes it possible to select an infrastructure plan to alleviate the problem of urban vulnerability, as well as a set of relational contracts for its proper implementation across the different governmental scales of the infrastructure system. The whole process is tested via a case study, in which USPP first proposes optimal urban infrastructure plans that contribute to ameliorate the problem of urban vulnerability in Spain, then evaluates the risks and opportunities attached to the planning alternatives, and finally presents sets of policy measures to accompany the implementation of the alternative selected.

The development of more-evolved urban vulnerability assessment (UVA) models has become an increasingly important issue for both policy agendas and academia. Several requirements have already been set for this goal; they should be pursued simultaneously. However, methods with such integration are yet to be developed. The present paper addresses this integration via a discursive process in which interactions between decision makers and the method contribute to the selection of a model fulfilling these requirements. That model yields a UVA built upon both qualitative information and quantitative data from indicators selected for the neighbourhood, city, province, region and country political-administrative scales. The characteristics demanded are encoded both into the UVA assessment model and in the optimization and control modules governing the process. While the optimization produces compromise solutions, the control module supervises the process, provides dynamic control and enables the interactions. Interactions are informed with knowledge derived from the cognitive approach entailed by the method and afford a better understanding of the process dynamics. We conclude that the goodness of fit and time dynamics objectives are aligned. Therefore, UVA methods performing well for these objectives are available, although at the expense of medium to poor preferences and robustness of performance.

Urban strategic planning and urban vulnerability assessment have increasingly become important issues in both policy agenda and academia. However, a comprehensive review of the advances made in urban vulnerability, emphasizing their shared aspects, has yet to be performed. The aiming of this paper is to addresses the latter by conducting an evaluation on assessment methods disclosed in this decade. Once their common evolutive pathway is traced, the review follows an analytical framework, based on the above, evaluating the research requirements from both a quantitative and qualitative point of view. Our findings indicate that the robustness, cognitive and participatory research lines are those in which most advancement has been made, while those of urban dynamics and multi-scale progressed the least. Our analysis also demonstrates that methods integrating more lines of research, as well as the employment of comprehensive approaches, promotes advancing the developmental stage. We conclude that the focusing of research lines should be shifted, in order to bridge the qualitative gap identified without demanding an improbable, quantitative increase.

Many-objective optimization methods have proven successful in the integration of research attributes demanded for urban vulnerability assessment models. However, these techniques suffer from the curse of the dimensionality problem, producing an excessive burden in the decision-making process by compelling decision-makers to select alternatives among a large number of candidates. In other fields, this problem has been alleviated through cluster analysis, but there is still a lack in the application of such methods for urban vulnerability assessment purposes. This work addresses this gap by a novel combination of visual analytics and cluster analysis, enabling the decision-maker to select the set of indicators best representing urban vulnerability accordingly to three criteria: expert’s preferences, goodness of fit, and robustness. Based on an assessment framework previously developed, VisualUVAM affords an evaluation of urban vulnerability in Spain at regional, provincial, and municipal scales, whose results demonstrate the effect of the governmental structure of a territory over the vulnerability of the assessed entities.

Resilient planning demands not only resilient actions, but also resilient implementation, which promotes adaptive capacity for the attainment of the planned objectives. This requires, in the case of multi-level infrastructure systems, the simultaneous pursuit of bottom-up infrastructure planning for the promotion of adaptive capacity, and of top-down approaches for the achievement of global objectives and the reduction of structural vulnerabilities and imbalances. Though several authors have pointed out the need to balance bottom-up flexibility with top-down hierarchical control for better plan implementation, very few methods have yet been developed with this aim, least of all with a multi-objective perspective. This work addressed this lack by including, for the first time, the mitigation of urban vulnerability, the improvement of road network condition, and the minimization of the economic cost as objectives in a resilient planning process in which both actions and their implementation are planned for a controlled, sustainable development. Building on Urban planning support system (UPSS), a previously developed planning tool, the improved planning support system affords a planning alternative over the Spanish road network, with the best multi-objective balance between optimization, risk, and opportunity. The planning process then formalizes local adaptive capacity as the capacity to vary the selected planning alternative within certain limits, and global risk control as the duties that should be achieved in exchange. Finally, by means of multi-objective optimization, the method reveals the multi-objective trade-offs between local opportunity, global risk, and rights and duties at local scale, thus providing deeper understanding for better informed decision-making.