In this article we analyze two different perceptions of border inside Europe. On the one hand, we have the perception idealized by the European Union as an international organization, which believes that states benefit more from cooperation and dilution of borders in a common space than from keeping its borders as a symbol of its sovereignty. On the other hand, we have the European member states, taken individually, with particular interests and goals that, given the threat of illegal immigration, which is currently felt in the large-scale Europe, adopt a realistic perception of the border, and look at each territory as a space that needs protection from external threats. Following this argument, we reason that the current construction of walls in several European countries reflects the rebirth of a realistic perception of the border, and this is one more challenge for Europe regarding its unity and solidarity. Is this the end of the Schengen Agreement? What is going to happen to the European project if each state unilaterally adopts a strategy to deal with illegal immigration and refugees that are coming to Europe? Can immigration lead to a retrocession of the EU idealist significance of border? Keywords: European Union; European borders; Schengen Agreement; Frontex.Received: January 13, 2016Accepted: March 7, 2016 Introduction F rom the beginning, the founders of the integration process in Europe realized that there is a very important and strong link between integration and borders. It is affirmed in the Preamble of the Treaty of Rome (1958), "Determined to lay the foundations of an ever close union among the peoples of Europe, Resolved to ensure the economic and social progress of their countries by common action to eliminate the barriers which divide Europe". This meant that if we want to achieve an "ever close union", it will require a change regarding the territory of each state, especially in the perception of borders and its functions. The existing divides between the member states have to be replaced with the emergence of a common area, promoting the opening-up of borders inside the EU, and helping to achieve • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original author and source are credited.• Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto e distribuído sob os termos da Licença de Atribuição Creative Commons, que permite uso irrestrito, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, desde que o autor e a fonte originais sejam creditados.http://www.rbpi.info Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional ISSN 1983-3121States: two different perceptions of border Rev. Bras. Polít. Int., 59(1): e003, 2016Cierco; Silva 2 the goals of European integration. Within the theories of integration, we have, on the one hand, the neo-functionalism that sees the integration process as transcending political, social or economic borders, decreasing the significanc...

Tourism is one of the most vulnerable sectors in the face of economic, political, environmental, and social changes. The study regarding the relationship between political phenomena and the dynamics of international relations and tourism is still at an infancy stage. The authors refer, in particular, to contexts of crisis, catastrophes, and conflicts in their relationship with tourism indicators. This is the purpose of this work, focusing on the Chinese case due to its particularities. In other words, they want to see how some regional political phenomena—the Asian context—are reflected in the development of Chinese tourism. They find that there is an immediate correspondence between the number of Chinese tourists and the contexts of political instability, but in which tourist flows are very dependent on government guidelines. Although subject to market dictates, they often obey geopolitical imperatives.

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The European Union (EU) and People’s Republic of China have a tradition of cooperation in Higher Education (HE) that has been increasingly developed since the Chinese reform of economic opening. From 2012 onwards, when the EU-China High-Level People-to-people Dialogue was established as the third pillar of a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between both parties, this cooperation in HE was enhanced, particularly in terms of people mobility (students, teachers and researchers). Along with this, globalization and the need for global governance responses in terms of global issues like climate changes, water and food security, pandemics and other health issues lead us to reflect about the role of academic and scientific cooperation - in the domain of HE and research cooperation-in the lens of this People-to-People approach. By means of a literature review grounded on different sources of documents (scientific articles; policy briefs; joint statements and educational programs) and their content analysis, the aim of this paper is to trace a brief state-of-the-art of the EU-China relations in the field of HE and research to analyze if there are effective EU-China partnerships in HE as a whole, and in health scientific joint research projects in particular, by mapping health-related projects involving the EU’s and PRC’s academic and research institutions, as well as their goals.

He is a founding member of the Observatory of China (Portugal) and the Center for Studies and Research on Security and Defence of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro. Member of the European Association for Chinese Studies and the Association of Chinese Political Studies and the Portuguese Institute of Sinology; member of the Editorial Board of the Tempo Exterior, Spain and Rotas a Oriente -Revista de Estudos Sino-Portugueses. He is author of multiple articles and chapters of books in international journals, particularly on political, economic and social issues facing contemporary China. He is coauthor of the book Role and Impact of Tourism in Peacebuilding and Conflict Transformation (IGI Global, 2020); Luso-Chinese Relations, from the 16th century to the contemporary context [in Portuguese] (IIM, 2020) and Xi Xinping -The Rise of China's New Helmsman: the Man, Politics and the World [in Portuguese] (Sílabas & Desafios, 2021).