ARTIGO Boletim Técnico Cientifico do CEPNOR TROPICAL JOURNAL of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences www.periodicos.ufra.edu.br/index.php/bttc Introdução A ocupação urbana desordenada dos municípios brasileiros nas últimas décadas e o insuficiente atendimento com sistemas de infraestrutura sanitária adequados contribui para a degradação da qualidade das águas de rios, lagos, córregos etc. Segundo Borges et al. (2003), alterações na quantidade, distribuição e qualidade dos recursos hídricos ameaçam a sobrevivência humana e demais espécies do planeta. De acordo com a Pesquisa Nacional de Saneamento Básico (2008), o contingente populacional sem a cobertura com sistema de coleta de esgoto, considerando-se apenas os municípios sem rede coletora, era de aproximadamente 34,8 milhões de pessoas, ou seja, em 2008, cerca de 18%

This work aims to investigate the effect of process temperature and catalyst content by pyrolysis and thermal catalytic cracking of (organic matter + paper) fraction from municipal household solid waste (MHSW) on the yields of reaction products (bio-oil, bio-char, H2O, and gas), acid value and chemical composition of bio-oils, and characterization of bio-chars, in laboratory scale. The collecting sectors of MHSW in the municipality of Belém-Pará-Brazil were chosen based on geographic and socio-economic database. The MHSW collected and transported to the segregation area. The gravimetric analysis of MHSW carried out and the fractions (Paper, Cardboard, Tetra Pack, Hard Plastic, Soft Plastic, Metal, Glass, Organic Matter, and Inert) separated. The selected organic matter and paper submitted to pre-treatment of crushing, drying, and sieving. The experiments carried out at 400, 450, and 475 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, and at 475 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, using 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0% (wt.) Ca(OH)2, in batch mode. The bio-oil characterized for acid value. The chemical functions present in bio-oil identified by FT-IR and the composition by GC-MS. The bio-char characterized by SEM, FT-IR and XRD. The variance in mass (wt.%) for organic fraction of municipal household solid waste, between 56.21 and 67.45% (wt.), lies with the interval of 56% (wt.) and 64% (wt.) of OFMHSW for middle and low income countries. The pyrolysis of MHSW fraction (organic matter + paper) show bio-oil yields between 2.63 and 9.41% (wt.), aqueous phase yields between 28.58 and 35.08% (wt.), solid phase yields between 35.29 and 45.75% (wt.), and gas yields between 16.54 and 26.72% (wt.). The bio-oil yield increases with pyrolysis temperature. For the catalytic cracking, the bio-oil and gas yields increase slightly with CaO content, while that of bio-char decreases, and the H2O phase remains constant. The GC-MS of liquid reaction products identified the presence of hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics) and oxygenates (carboxylic acids, ketones, esters, alcohols, phenols, and aldehydes), as well as compounds containing nitrogen, including amides and amines. The acidity of bio-oil decreases with increasing process temperature and with aid Ca(OH)2 as catalyst. The concentration of hydrocarbons in bio-oil increases with increasing Ca(OH)2-to-MHSW fraction ratio due to the catalytic deoxygenation of fatty acids molecules, by means of de-carboxylation/de-carbonylation, producing aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.

In this work, a techno-economic assessment of the production of bio-oil, coke and gas, via thermo-catalytic pyrolysis followed by distillation, is accomplished. The raw materials were two solid wastes: lipid-based material (residual fat/scum from a fat retention box from the University Restaurant at the Federal University of Pará—UFPA) and a lignin-cellulosic material of açaí seed (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). From the literature, a review is made of the physicochemical analysis of the raw materials, of the bio-oil, and of the chemical composition of the biofuels produced (kerosene, light diesel, and heavy diesel). The bio-oil yields for each experiment of pyrolysis and distillation are also presented and compared with the literature. The economic indicators for the evaluation of the most viable cracking (pyrolysis) and distillation process of bio-oils were: (a) the simple payback criterion, (b) discounted payback, (c) net present value (NPV), (d) internal rate of return (IRR), and (e) index of profitability (IP). The analysis of the indicators showed the economic viability of the lipid-based material and unfeasibility for the açai seed (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). The breakeven point obtained was 1.28 USD/L and the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) obtained in this work for the biofuels was 1.34 USD/L). The sensibility analysis demonstrated that the pyrolysis and distillation yields are the most important variables to affect the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP).

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O aumento da população, aliado ao processo de urbanização desordenado, é responsável por grande parte da poluição dos corpos hídricos. As praias da Ilha de Mosqueiro (Belém-PA) são uma das principais alternativas de lazer da população local e, por isso, merecem atenção especial. O presente trabalho avaliou a qualidade da água por meio da utilização dos índices da qualidade da água e do estado trófico. Foram obtidos dados de parâmetros abióticos, clorofila a, coliformes totais e termotolerantes. Os parâmetros mostraram a influência da sazonalidade e da maré na qualidade da água, principalmente no período menos chuvoso, o que foi reforçado pela análise de componentes principais. Os resultados do índice da qualidade da água foram próximos entre os períodos estudados. O índice de estado trófico demonstrou que o ambiente não se encontra eutrofizado. Essas informações servem para sinalizar os gestores sobre a atual situação das águas na área estudada.