El rol de las metodologías activas de aprendizaje se centra en fomentar la participación integral y dinámica del estudiante en su propio proceso educativo, en lugar de ser solo receptor de conocimientos. El objetivo de este ensayo es destacar el rol fundamental que presentan las metodologías activas de aprendizaje, donde el proceso educativo se centra en fomentar la participación integral y dinámica del estudiante, en lugar de que solo sea receptor de conocimientos. Este ensayo se estableció bajo el método deductivo, en el paradigma hermenéutico, con enfoque cualitativo, de tipo interpretativo y diseño narrativo de tópico. Asimismo, se desdobla los dos problemas éticos principales que se presentan en la academia y en la investigación son: el plagio y el conflicto de intereses en la revisión por pares, donde dicha problemática se agrava cuando se trata de contrataciones o se concedan ascensos, en virtud de que en numerosas ocasiones los contratos o estímulos se obtienen por el número de publicación de artículos o en base a las citas logradas por los autores en revistas arbitradas e indexadas con alto factor de impacto, pudiéndose presentar el caso de favorecer a compañeros de institución o amigos en la revisión por pares. Sin olvidar que el Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (SNI) otorga a sus miembros estímulos extras mensuales ubicándose entre 7 mil a 33 mil pesos (investigador nivel III).

The objective of this article is to describe and present the main digital media and social networks used worldwide and in the specific case of Mexico, pointing out the transcendental importance they acquire to study social relations today. The work is structured according to the deductive method, with a hermeneutic paradigm, elaborated under a quantitative scheme and approach. Facebook is the world leader of social networks worldwide, with its almost three billion users, followed by YouTube, WhatsApp, Instagram, Facebook Messenger, WeChat and TikTok. Google is presented as the world leader of Internet search engines, which is why it is called the undisputed king, absorbing until October 2021 92% of users worldwide, followed by Bing and Yahoo; while the most used browser is Chrome with 77%, followed by Safari, Firefox and Microsoft Edge. In information related to Mexico for 2021, Facebook is the most popular social network with 96 million users, which ranks fifth internationally, behind India, United States of America, Indonesia and Brazil; while Mexico has 74 million users in the case of YouTube, making these two platforms become the most used social networks by Mexicans. Despite the privatization suffered in the nineties, internet speed in Mexico is very low compared to the world average, reaching only 60% and 50% in mobile and fixed internet respectively. The most visited sites in Mexico correspond to Google (more than four times its close follower), YouTube, Facebook, Wikipedia, Xvideos (adult entertainment) and MercadoLibre - Free Market

The importance of the insured members of the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) can be appreciated because it has 20.6 million members as of December 2021, which represent 83.5% of formal employment in Mexico. Pensions and retirements under the transition regime of IMSS Law 73 (defined benefit) are be-coming one of the main problems facing national public finances. The liabilities of the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) in its IMSS-employer modality correspond to the equivalent of 11.9% of the GDP for the year 2021, while those of the IMSS-insurer is 44.1% of the GDP, adding both modalities, they reach 56% of the GDP. According to actuarial calculations, the maxi-mum point of public spending for pensions under the transition regime (defined benefit) will be reached in 2035. The replace-ment rate of a worker affiliated to the IMSS who contributed under Law 97 (capitalization regime) was only 25%; with the reforms made in December 2020, it is estimated that the re-placement rate will reach 60%. By the year 2019, the retirement fund administrators in Chile had resources equivalent to 80.8% of GDP; Uruguay 29.1%; Colombia 24%; Peru 22.8%; and Mex-ico 16.4% of GDP, which is a very low indicator compared to Latin American nations.

In 1983 all municipalities in Mexico absorbed 2.6% of national public revenues, being that by 2019 it reached 6.6%, thus showing a substantial growth in 36 years. Of the total municipal public revenues, federal participations represented 37.1% in 2018 and 37.1% in 2019, while federal aportments represented 35.9% in 2018 and 35.3% in 2019; both federal resources meant 73% in 2018 and 73.8% in 2019, that is, out of every 4 pesos of revenues 3 come from the federation. In 2019, the main revenues of the municipalities that come from federal funds are: General Participation Fund (23.1%); FORTAMUN (15.2%); Social Infrastructure Aportments Fund (12.79%). The tax effort or municipal own revenues accounted for 22.6% of total municipal public revenues in 2018 and 23.1% in 2019. Property tax is the main figure of municipal own revenues, representing 47.1% and 45% respectively in 2018 and 2019.As an international comparison point property tax related to GDP yielded these figures: France 4.03%, Great Britain 4.08%, Canada 3.87%, United States 2.96%, Spain 2.43%, Colombia 1.79%, Chile 1.12% and Mexico only 0.33% of GDP; appreciating a very low percentage in relation to the two Latin American nations and much lower compared to developed countries.