A grand challenge from the wind energy industry is to provide reliable forecasts on mountain winds several hours in advance at microscale (∼100 m) resolution. This requires better microscale wind-energy physics included in forecasting tools, for which field observations are imperative. While mesoscale (∼1 km) measurements abound, microscale processes are not monitored in practice nor do plentiful measurements exist at this scale. After a decade of preparation, a group of European and U.S. collaborators conducted a field campaign during 1 May–15 June 2017 in Vale Cobrão in central Portugal to delve into microscale processes in complex terrain. This valley is nestled within a parallel double ridge near the town of Perdigão with dominant wind climatology normal to the ridges, offering a nominally simple yet natural setting for fundamental studies. The dense instrument ensemble deployed covered a ∼4 km × 4 km swath horizontally and ∼10 km vertically, with measurement resolutions of tens of meters and seconds. Meteorological data were collected continuously, capturing multiscale flow interactions from synoptic to microscales, diurnal variability, thermal circulation, turbine wake and acoustics, waves, and turbulence. Particularly noteworthy are the extensiveness of the instrument array, space–time scales covered, use of leading-edge multiple-lidar technology alongside conventional tower and remote sensors, fruitful cross-Atlantic partnership, and adaptive management of the campaign. Preliminary data analysis uncovered interesting new phenomena. All data are being archived for public use.

The New European Wind Atlas project will create a freely accessible wind atlas covering Europe and Turkey, develop the model chain to create the atlas and perform a series of experiments on flow in many different kinds of complex terrain to validate the models. This paper describes the experiments of which some are nearly completed while others are in the planning stage. All experiments focus on the flow properties that are relevant for wind turbines, so the main focus is the mean flow and the turbulence at heights between 40 and 300 m. Also extreme winds, wind shear and veer, and diurnal and seasonal variations of the wind are of interest. Common to all the experiments is the use of Doppler lidar systems to supplement and in some cases replace completely meteorological towers. Many of the lidars will be equipped with scan heads that will allow for arbitrary scan patterns by several synchronized systems. Two pilot experiments, one in Portugal and one in Germany, show the value of using multiple synchronized, scanning lidar, both in terms of the accuracy of the measurements and the atmospheric physical processes that can be studied. The experimental data will be used for validation of atmospheric flow models and will by the end of the project be freely available.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Wind energy in complex terrains’.

Abstract. The long-range and short-range WindScanner systems (LRWS and SRWS), multi-Doppler lidar instruments, when combined together can map the turbulent flow around a wind turbine and at the same time measure mean flow conditions over an entire region such as a wind farm. As the WindScanner technology is novel, performing field campaigns with the WindScanner systems requires a methodology that will maximize the benefits of conducting WindScannerbased experiments. Such a methodology, made up of 10 steps, is presented and discussed through its application in a pilot experiment that took place in a complex and forested site in Portugal, where for the first time the two WindScanner systems operated simultaneously. Overall, this resulted in a detailed site selection criteria, a well-thought-out experiment layout, novel flow mapping methods and high-quality flow observations, all of which are presented in this paper.

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IntroduçãoAs infecções hospitalares podem ser atribuídas ao hospital e se manifestar durante a internação ou após a alta hospitalar. É notória a sua importância, pois aumentam a morbidade, mortalidade e os custos hospitalares, sendo as principais complicações nos pacientes cirúrgicos nos quais as infecções de sítio operatório são as mais freqüentes 1 .As infecções de sítio cirúrgico, anteriormente denominadas infecções de ferida operatória, acometem tecidos e órgãos incisados e cavidades manipuladas durante um procedimento cirúr-gico 2 . Sabe-se que um extensivo programa de vigilância pode reduzir as taxas de infecções de sítio cirúrgico em 30% a 40%, mas para que este programa seja efetivo deve-se conhecer a real incidência destas infecções e os fatores de risco associados 3 . As freqüências das infecções de sí-tio cirúrgico têm sido utilizadas como um importante indicador da performance dos cirurgiões e do hospital, sendo que o retorno dos dados da vigilância à equipe cirúrgica pode reduzir as taxas de infecção em até 35% 3,4 .Na vigilância das infecções de sítio cirúrgi-co, utiliza-se o componente cirúrgico do sistema de vigilância das infecções hospitalares National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) do Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, Estados Unidos) 5 , no qual os pacientes devem ser acompanhados até o 30 o dia do pós-ARTIGO ARTICLE