Abstract. The majority of experiments in plant biology use plants grown in some kind of container or pot. We conducted a meta-analysis on 65 studies that analysed the effect of pot size on growth and underlying variables. On average, a doubling of the pot size increased biomass production by 43%. Further analysis of pot size effects on the underlying components of growth suggests that reduced growth in smaller pots is caused mainly by a reduction in photosynthesis per unit leaf area, rather than by changes in leaf morphology or biomass allocation. The appropriate pot size will logically depend on the size of the plants growing in them. Based on various lines of evidence we suggest that an appropriate pot size is one in which the plant biomass does not exceed 1 g L -1 . In current research practice~65% of the experiments exceed that threshold. We suggest that researchers need to carefully consider the pot size in their experiments, as small pots may change experimental results and defy the purpose of the experiment.

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The dataset presented here was collected by the GenTree project (EU-Horizon 2020), which aims to improve the use of forest genetic resources across Europe by better understanding how trees adapt to their local environment. This dataset of individual tree-core characteristics including ring-width series and whole-core wood density was collected for seven ecologically and economically important European tree species: silver birch (Betula pendula), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Norway spruce (Picea abies), European black poplar (Populus nigra), maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), and sessile oak (Quercus petraea). Tree-ring width measurements were obtained from 3600 trees in 142 populations and whole-core wood density was measured for 3098 trees in 125 populations. This dataset covers most of the geographical and climatic range occupied by the selected species. The potential use of it will be highly valuable for assessing ecological and evolutionary responses to environmental conditions as well as for model development and parameterization, to predict adaptability under climate change scenarios.

Age and size at the first reproduction and the reproductive allocation of plants are linked to different life history strategies. Aleppo pine only reproduces through seed, and, as such, early female reproduction confers high fitness in its infertile highly fire-prone habitats along the Mediterranean coast because life expectancy is short. We investigated the extent of ecotypic differentiation in female reproductive allocation and examined the relation between early female reproduction and vegetative growth. In a common-garden experiment, the threshold age and size at first female reproduction and female reproductive allocation at age seven differed significantly among Aleppo pine provenances of ecologically distinct origin. Significant correlations among reproductive features of the provenances and the ecological traits of origin were found using different analytical tools. In nonlinear models of cone counts vs. stem volume, medium-sized trees (not the largest trees) produced the highest cone yield, confirming that, at the individual level, early female reproduction is incompatible with fast vegetative growth. The contribution of founder effects and adaptation to contrasting fire regimes may be confounding factors. But considering all traits analyzed, the geographical patterns of resource allocation by Aleppo pine suggest ecotypic specialization for either resource-poor (favoring early reproduction) or resource-rich (favoring vegetative growth) habitats.

-Seedlings of four populations each of Pinus pinaster, P. halepensis, P. canariensis and P. pinea were grown in controlled conditions to evaluate both inter-and intra-specific differences in response to watering. We submitted half of the plants to a moderate water stress and after 22 weeks, we recorded height, stem diameter and root, stem and leaves dry weight. Patterns and amounts of phenotypic changes, including changes in biomass allocation, were analysed. We found a scant response in P. canariensis, P. pinaster and P. halepensis presented high population divergence for phenotypic changes, and P. pinea showed marked allocational shifts and no population divergence. The phenotypic changes observed within species are interpreted as a plastic response. The variation encountered within P. halepensis and P. pinaster may be indicative of specialisation to either resource-rich or resource-poor habitats, being populations from favourable sites more plastic. P. pinea exhibited a very uniform plastic response, indicating generalist behaviour.phenotypic changes / early testing / pine / drought stress / ontogeny Résumé -Divergences parmi les espèces et populations de pins méditerranéens pour l'allocation de biomasse chez des semis poussant sous deux régimes d'alimentation hydrique. Des semis de quatre populations de Pinus pinaster, de P. halepensis, de P. canariensis, et de P. pinea ont été élevés en conditions contrôlées pour évaluer au niveau inter-et intra-spécifique les différences de réponse au régime d'alimentation hydrique. Nous avons soumis la moitié des plants à un stress hydrique modéré et après 22 semaines nous avons mesuré leur hauteur, le diamètre de la tige et des racines, le poids sec de la tige et des feuilles. Les modèles et l'importance des changements phénotypiques, incluant les variations d'allocation de biomasse ont été analysés. Nous avons trouvé une faible réponse pour P. canariensis ; P. pinaster et P. halepensis ont présenté une importante divergence des populations au plan des changements phénotypiques, et P. pinea a montré une modification sensible au plan de l'allocation de biomasse sans divergence de population. Les changements phénotypiques observés chez les espèces ont été interprétés comme une réponse en terme de plasticité. Les variations rencontrées chez P. halepensis et P. pinaster peuvent être l'indice d'une spécialisation pour des habitats riches ou pauvres en terme de ressources. P. pinea a présenté une plasticité uniforme de réponse, révélant un comportement généraliste. changements phénotypiques / test précoce / stress hydrique / ontogénie