INTRODUÇÃO: em alguns casos, a extração de pré-molares torna-se necessária e nem sempre os espaços são completamente fechados após o alinhamento e nivelamento. O arco de dupla chave, ou Double Key Loop (DKL), é um arco retangular de aço para retração, com duas alças - uma mesial e outra distal ao canino. OBJETIVOS: este trabalho propôs-se a estudar o local onde a força é exercida, após a ativação desse arco, utilizando ativação na alça distal, ativação entre as alças e na alça distal, e ativação com Gurin®. MÉTODOS: foram montados nove modelos fotoelásticos de um arco dentário inferior, sem os primeiros pré-molares e os terceiros molares, com braquetes In-Ovation e arco DKL. O arco foi ativado e a região de incisivos, caninos e dentes posteriores foi fotografada, com interposição de filtros polarizadores de luz. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: após a análise do modelo fotoelástico, concluiu-se que a ativação com Gurin® pode produzir movimento de retração anterior com componente extrusivo; a ativação na alça distal pode produzir movimento de retração anterior sem componente extrusivo; e a ativação entre as alças e na alça distal pode produzir movimento de retração anterior com componente intrusivo.

In tokamak machines with low toroidal magnetic fields and high plasma densities, the accessibility conditions impose restrictions to the detection of the Electron Cyclotron Emission ( ECE ). In these machines, the righthand cutoff condition can be used as an independent method to determine the local electron density from the ECE data in thermal discharges. In this paper is shown the results obatined from the detection of ECE radiation in the TCABR tokamak, in operation at the Institute of Physics of University of São Paulo. The effect of the ECE radiation cutoff was observed for different radial positions of the plasma column. To reach the ECE cutoff condition, the electron density was increased monotonically by the use of an external gas puffing system. For sufficient high densities, the emission at some frequencies is cutoff and the first and the last frequency to be cutoff depends on the shape of the density profile. These measurements do not require the plasma to be optically thick. It was observed that, for a toroidal field BO = 1.14 T , the first cutoff of ECE occurs for a radial position r ∼ = 5 cm . From these measurements the radial electron density was determined. For a symmetric parabolic profile n e = n eo [1 − (r/a) 2 ] α , values of α between 0.86 and 0.97 were experimentally obtained. A good agreement of these values with those obtained from the microwave interferometer measurements ( α ≈ 0.85 ) was found. Therefore, the ECE right-hand cutoff constitutes an independent method to obtain information about the electron density profile.

A millimeter/microwave detection system, in operation in the TCABR Tokamak is described. The system is used for electron cyclotron measurements. The main part of the system is a heterodyne sweeping radiometer based on a BW O oscillator that operates in the frequency range of 52 to 85 GHz. The system operates in two modes : fi xed frequency ( maximum resolution of 10 µs ) and sweeping mode ( 50 µs per frequency step ). The radiometer is calibrated in frequency and in radiation intensity. The frequency calibration is made by means of a precision harmonic oscillator. The absolute calibration was done using a blackbody ( microwave absorber ) immersed in liquid nitrogen ( 77 K ) and also put in an oven with adjustable temperature up to 1470 K. Two others components are also used for periodic intensity calibration check and sensibility measurements : a Criogenic Matched Load and a Noise Source. A Gaussian antenna is used for better space resolution measurements. Between the antenna and the radiometer, oversized waveguides are used to reduced the signal attenuation. The antenna axis is in the equatorial plane of the machine and perpendicular to the plasma column axis. The accessibility and absorption conditions are discussed. Results showing time and radial profi les of the detected ECE radiation for the TCABR are presented. For a magnetic fi eld of BTO = 1.14 T it was verifi ed that the maximum permissible density to access the second harmonic in the X mode is ne0 ∼ = 2.3 × 10 19 m −3 . Electron Cyclotron EmissionThe radiation resulting from the movement of the electrons around the magnetic fi eld lines carries valuable information about the distribution function of the electrons in a plasma and its detection constitutes an important diagnostic method for magnetic confi ned plasmas [ 1 ]. In tokamak machines, the radial dependence of the magnetic fi eld allows the determination, from the ECE radiation, of the electron temperature and also, in some situations, of the electron density [ 2 ].The fi rst work on the use of the ECE radiation, as a diagnostic tool, in tokamaks was published in 1974 [ 3 ]. Today, besides being an obligatory diagnosis technique in tokamaks for electron temperature measurements, it is in continuous evolution and, more recently, it has been used experimentally with more elaborated purposes, for instance, in the characterization of electron distribution of non-thermal electrons [ 4 ], in the transport studies involving temperature fluctuations [ 5 ] and, in recent proposals, involving Bernstein waves for the determination of electron temperature [ 6 ]. The use of the Bernstein waves seems to be particularly interesting in spherical tokamaks where the accessibility and the absorption conditions are not satisfi ed for the radiation used in common machines.For a tokamak of major radius R 0 and toroidal fi eld B T 0 , the harmonic n of the ECE frequency f n emitted at radius r , in the equatorial plane, is given by, where e and m e are respectively the electron charge and mass. The relativistic facto...

We introduce in this article a novel geometry that can be used in the manufacturing of field-emission displays. The geometry proposed combines superior vacuum conductance and a good field-enhancement factor. A theoretical model is developed for the calculation of the upper limit to the electrostatic field at the emitting regions, and these values are compared to those calculated for the actual geometry. The vacuum conductance of the proposed geometry is also calculated, and we show that conductances up to an order of magnitude higher than other schemes are readily achievable. Finally, we present field-emission results obtained from a prototype, and compare them with other emission schemes.

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