A semi-industrial process (800-l fermentor) for lycopene production by mated fermentation of Blakeslea trispora plus (+) and minus (-) strains has been developed. The culture medium was designed at the flask scale, using a program based on a genetic algorithm; and a fermentation process by means of this medium was developed. Fermentation involves separate vegetative phases for (+) and (-) strains and inoculation of the production medium with a mix of both together. Feeding with imidazole or pyridine, molecules known to inhibit lycopene cyclase enzymatic activity, enhanced lycopene accumulation. Different raw materials and physical parameters, including dissolved oxygen, stirring speed, air flow rate, temperature, and pH, were checked in the fermentor to get maximum lycopene production. Typical data for the fermentation process are presented and discussed. This technology can be easily scaled-up to an industrial application for the production of this carotenoid nowadays widely in demand.

Carotenoids relevance as natural pigments is mainly due to their uses as colorants, feed supplements, nutraceuticals and for medical, cosmetic, and biotechnological purposes. Since they have putative health beneficial effects, the demand and market of carotenoids are growing significantly. There is a diversity of natural and synthetic carotenoids, but only a few of them are commercially produced, including carotenes (β-carotene and lycopene) and xanthophylls (astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and capsanthin). Some biotechnological processes for carotenoids production were established some years ago, but new strains and technologies are being developed nowadays for carotenoids widely in demand. This chapter shows a revision of the main carotenoids from a commercial point of view.

Two genes, pcbC and penDE (also named ips and aat, respectively) encoding the enzymes isopenicillin N synthase and acyl-CoA:6-amino penicillanic acid (6-APA) acyltransferase, which are involved in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway in Penicillium chrysogenum, were cloned. Both genes are clustered together in a 5.1 kb SalI DNA fragment and are separated by a nontranscribed intergenic region of 1.5 kb. These genes are transcribed from different promoters in two separate transcripts of about 1.15 kb each. The penDE gene complements mutants of P. chrysogenum deficient in acyltransferase and the pcbC gene increases the level of isopenicillin N synthase in strains containing low levels of this enzyme. The clustering of penicillin biosynthetic genes is of great interest in the light of previous claims of horizontal transfer of the pcbC gene from beta-lactam producing Streptomyces to filamentous fungi.

Carotenoids are the pigments present in plants, animals, and microorganisms which are responsible for a broad variety of colors found in nature. Their capacity as antioxidants mainly established their marketable success as health, food, and feed supplements, and cosmetics components. Currently, chemical synthesis dominates the worldwide market; however, due to the high biological value of natural carotenoids, the production scheme is moving towards microbial production as a profitable alternative.

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