Key-words: stream invertebrates, effort reduction, biomonitoringBiomonitoring methods based on macroinvertebrate assemblages are widely developed in streams and rivers. However, the use of invertebrates has been criticized due to the long time and expense of processing samples. Therefore, we evaluated the effectiveness of reducing the sampling effort from 20 to 5 samples to assess the stream macroinvertebrate community. In six streams in the Basque Country (North of Spain) 20 kick nets were collected following a multihabitat stratified sampling design. The macroinvertebrates were identified to family level and a smoothed family accumulation curve fitting the Clench function to the data was calculated for each stream. Richness was lower in 5 than in 20 samples. However, in general, the percentage of richness estimated with the subsampling may be considered representative of the existing taxa richness. Therefore, the study of five samples may be adequate for biomonitoring Basque streams, greatly minimizing time, effort and costs. RÉSUMÉRéduction de l'effort d'échantillonnage pour l'évaluation des assemblages de macroinvertébrés pour la biosurveillance des rivières Mots-clés : invertébrés, cours d'eau, réduction de l'effort, biosurveillanceLes méthodes de biosurveillance basées sur les assemblages de macroinverté-brés sont largement développées dans les ruisseaux et rivières. Cependant, l'utilisation d'invertébrés a été critiquée en raison du long temps de collecte et du coût de traitement des échantillons. Par conséquent, nous avons évalué l'efficacité de la réduction de l'effort d'échantillonnage de 20 à 5 échantillons pour éva-luer la communauté des macroinvertébrés d'une rivière. En six rivières du Pays Basque (nord de l'Espagne) 20 filets à main Kicker ont été recueillis suivant un plan d'échantillonnage stratifié multihabitat. Les macroinvertébrés ont été identifiés au niveau de la famille et une courbe de cumul de famille lissée de la fonction de Clench ajustée aux données a été calculée pour chaque rivière. La richesse était plus faible dans 5 échantillons que dans 20. Cependant, en général, le pourcentage de la richesse estimée avec le sous-échantillonnage peut être considéré comme représentatif de la richesse des taxons existants. Par conséquent, l'étude de cinq échantillons peut être adéquate pour la biosurveillance des rivières basques, minimisant considérablement les efforts de temps et les coûts.

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Ecological status class assessments of European rivers are required by the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD), the purpose of which is to carry out good river basin management. In the future, these studies will be presumably complemented by molecular analysis, additional to classical taxonomy. To ease this transitional phase, several aspects must be addressed. One of the limitations of ecological community studies based on massive sequencing techniques is the quality of reference databases. There are usually two major problems to deal with: 1) the absence of reference sequences for certain organisms and 2) the presence of sequences of doubtful quality or incorrect assignment. To prevent this type of problem, good coordination between qualified taxonomists and genetic analysts is necessary. Taking into account that we are a group made up of expert taxonomists and bioinformaticians, we have carried out a review of several species. Specifically, we have focused on organisms of interest present in the hydrological network for monitoring the ecological state of waters of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. In this review, a historical study of the species present throughout the entire period of the monitoring hydrological network (30 years) was first carried out. Then a search was carried out in the genetic databases to see how many of these species have not a reference sequence. Thus be able to start a search and selection for said organisms by a taxonomist and to sequence them. In parallel, a study of the existing sequences in the databases was carried out to confirm the clustering of the sequences at the family level. In the case of the study of macroinvertebrates, we test a selected gene or regions (18S V4 rDNA, 18S V9 rDNA, COI). to check their variability. As follows, it was possible to discard sequences that were significantly dispersed from the family cluster and to prevent sequences that could be incorrectly assigned to each family. Furthermore, it was observed that for the macroinvertebrates of interest for our geographical area, a total of 154 families, 27 (17.53%) were missing for having reference sequences. In the case of the sequences of the freshwater fish population, we discovered the following situation: of 34 species with occurrences in the rivers of the network, 16 had no reference sequences. Therefore, taking advantage of the annual samplings of the hydrological network, samples of these fish species were collected to be able to include their sequences in the database. Once the reference sequences of the species were obtained, a macroinvertebrate and ichthyofauna detection project was carried out. In this project, we use amplicon technology by Illumina sequencing focused focused on eDNA from water samples. In which it was possible to observe the improvement of detection and species assignment once the sequences were entered into the database. In conclusion, getting a complete and curated database is essential for the correct assignment and detection of organisms to improving the accuracy analysis and interpretation of the communities. In the same way, the need for collaboration between taxonomists and geneticists is imperative to be able to correctly validate the reference sequences.

Monitoring of the quality of a drinking water supply reservoir according to the Water Framework Directive (A ñarbe reservoir, North basin)The Añarbe reservoir is located in the Iberic-Macaronesian region and is a water body provisionally identified as heavily modified, comparable to 'lake', that according to the "A" classification system of the WFD is "siliceous, lowlands, big and very deep", and according to the "B" system is ¨lowlands, northern, warm monomictic and of acidic waters". Two annual cycles of studies have been completed (from May of 2004 to January of 2006) looking to the main biological, physicochemical and hydromorphological parameters. The trophic state is oligotrophic for most of the parameters, except for the total phosphorus, that classifies it as mesotrophic. It does not present algal blooms and the average oxygen concentration in the hypolimnion in the zone of the dam during the stratification is 4.5 mg O 2 /l. The percentage of variation of the water volume of the reservoir respective to the maximum volume varies between 40 and 33 % for the years 2004 and 2005, respectively. It shows a good ecological potential and could be considered as a reference within its group.