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La obra compila lineamientos y herramientas para la aplicación de un enfoque de mapeo participativo y cartografía social de conocimientos culturales, históricos y arqueológicos. Está pensada como un recurso didáctico para profesores o estudiantes universitarios interesados en enseñar o aplicar este método en sus investigaciones o proyectos. Cuenta asimismo con sugerencias para una buena  práctica en el trabajo con comunidades y diversos sectores sociales. Esperamos que está publicación sea un recurso valioso tanto para los estudiantes del postgrado del CIGA, como para los estudiantes de la ENES Morelia, dada la afinidad temática con los cursos allí impartidos y los temas de tesis derivados de estas instituciones.

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Background Hñahñu (Otomi) farmers organize their experiences and ecological learning into a farmland system designed to grow food in areas of scarce water and low soil fertility. The purpose of this paper is to examine Hñahñu concepts and categories pertaining to the farming landscape and the ecological foundations underlying the system, its management implications, and categorial organization in Huitexcalco de Morelos, Mezquital Valley, Mexico. Methods Native terms and their links to landscape were recorded and discussed in various workshops. Open interviews and field trips with local experts were used to explain soil and water management practices that allow Hñahñu farmers to maintain sustained yields throughout the year. We then used participatory mapping in order to explore the semantic relations of the terms with the space and its validity in the productive landscape. Results We elicited 7 Hñahñu language terms related to landforms, 4 related to land use categories, and 17 related to their constituent components organized in two hierarchical levels. We found that mothe as a term of land usage was followed by mothee, ñut’athee, gadñhe, or muiñhe; these primarily refer to the topographic position of the parcel and the form of access to water for irrigation. Stone barriers and earth channels represent the functional structures that are most commonly used by Hñahñu farmers to retain soil and water. In the participatory mapping results, mothe muiñhe displayed a robust spatial link with the gullies. Identifying other landscape categories required a substantial understanding both of management practices of soil and water and forms of organization. Conclusions This study revealed a complex system of knowledge that contributes to the continued proper management of the local landscape. The terms and their elicited meanings are key to understand the ways in which Hñahñu farmers conceptualize and relate the reality of their landscape and its cultural meanings. Scale and perception were found to have a determining role in defining their taxonomic organization, semantic structure, and relations in space.

RESUMENEl control de incendios forestales con helicópteros es una práctica común en el Estado de México que está limitada por la disponibilidad de fuentes de agua para la recarga de las aeronaves. Los sistemas de captación del agua de lluvia (SCALL) se pueden usar para su abastecimiento. La identificación de sitios con aptitud para SCALL en zonas de alta incidencia de incendios es fundamental para mejorar la eficiencia del control aéreo; sin embargo, la selección de los lugares requiere integrar numerosas variables. En el presente estudio se efectuó un análisis de evaluación multicriterio mediante Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) para identificar los sitios con aptitud para SCALL en el área de interés, para lo cual se eligieron cinco variables: velocidad de ráfaga de viento, distancia a los caminos, escurrimiento superficial, evaporación y densidad de incendios. Las variables fueron ponderadas con el apoyo del coordinador de vuelo de las aeronaves y se integraron en un mapa de aptitud por el método de combinación lineal ponderada en Arc Gis 9.2 y Arc View 3.2. Se detectaron de forma rápida y flexible dos sitios con aptitud para establecer SCALL en el área de estudio: uno al norte y otro al sur; y el mapa que los muestra se elaboró a una escala de 1 a 10.Palabras clave: Evaluación multicriterio, control aéreo de incendios forestales, combinación lineal ponderada, densidad de incendios forestales, escurrimiento superficial, velocidad de ráfaga. ABSTRACTAerial fire fighting with a helicopter is a usual practice in Mexico State, the availability of water near to the wildfire area is crucial to refill the bucket and reduce the time between successive drops. Rain Water Harvesting system (RWH) can be used to supply water for the helicopter to combat wildfires. Identification of potential sites for RWH at places with high recurrence of wildfire is essential to improve the efficiency of the practice. However, selection of appropriate sites for RWH requires the integration of several variables. The identification of suitability sites for RWH was achieved using a multicriteria spatial analysis in a Geographical Information System (GIS) environment at the East of Mexico State, for three municipalities Chalco, Ixtapaluca and Tlalmanalco. Five variables were used to identify suitable sites for RHW: wind speed, wildfire density, distance to roads, runoff and evaporation. Each variable was ranked and weighted consulting the expert and a Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) was performed to generate the suitability map using Arc Gis 9.2 and Arc View 3.2. Suitability sites for RWH that met most of the criteria considered are found in North and South of the study area. The conclusion is that the identification of suitability sites to establish RWH system to supply water for the helicopter with the proposed method is a rapid and flexible tool. The output suitability map for the study area showed sites for RHW systems ranked from 1 to 10.