Ectopia cordis (EC) is a rare congenital anomaly associated with the heart positioned outside of the thoracic cavity either partially or completely. The ectopic heart can be found along a spectrum of anatomical locations, including the cervical, thoracic and abdominal regions and in most cases, it protrudes outside the chest through a split sternum. Although the first case of EC was identified during the early 1600s only 91 cases have been reported since then in the literature. This review will discuss the history and prevalence of EC, its etiology, morphology, presentation and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, treatment and management and prognosis.

No abstract

Although shoulder instability is well described, there is a paucity of literature examining the differences between women and men with regard to epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of shoulder instability.» Variability in muscle mass, ligamentous laxity, and overall biomechanics of the glenohumeral joint may cause men and women to experience shoulder instability in different ways.» Additionally, differences in circulating hormones such as relaxin may contribute to increased joint laxity in women compared with men; these differences affect the pathophysiology of instability.» The presence of increased physiologic laxity, due to these hormone levels, in female patients makes the treatment considerations more complex in that many classification systems do not take sex into consideration (i.e., the Instability Severity Index Score).

Background: This study seeks to examine the reliability, quality, and content of YouTube videos on cubital tunnel syndrome, on which there is presently a paucity of information. Methods: The top 50 unique YouTube videos by relevance resulting from the Boolean search term “cubital tunnel + cubital tunnel syndrome” were identified, with video properties for analysis including source, upload date, duration, views, and comments. Content was assessed using the Journal of American Medical Association ( JAMA) criteria, the Global Quality Score (GQS), and a “Cubital Tunnel–Specific Score” (CTSS). Results: The average video saw 72 108 ± 199 362 views, with videos produced by allied (nonphysician) health professionals demonstrating the highest mean views (111 789 ± 294 471 views). Videos demonstrated low mean JAMA scores (2.4/4 ± 0.7), GQS (2.8/5 ± 1.3), and CTSS (7.5/21 ± 4.3), with academic and nonacademic physician videos demonstrating significantly greater mean GQS and CTSS scores when compared with videos by allied health professionals. Positive independent predictors for GQS included academic sources (β = 1.871), nonacademic physician sources (β = 1.651), and video duration (β = 0.102), which were likewise positive predictors for CTSS (β = 4.553, 4.639, 0.374). Content relating to surgical techniques or approaches for cubital tunnel decompression had the greatest CTSS scores (11.2 [4.2]). Conclusions: YouTube is a source of highly accessible information on cubital tunnel syndrome, although the average video presents generally poor and inadequate information. Directing patients toward higher quality video resources can be a meaningful component of patient education.