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An experiment was conducted to test whether misalignment effects found when people use maps to determine left and right turns also occur when they make cardinal-direction judgments. Prior research has shown that when an exocentric reference frame, such as a map, is misaligned with a person's egocentric reference frame, people take longer to determine left and right turns. Using both a static task and a dynamic, flight-simulator task, this experiment showed that when exocentric (map) and egocentric reference frames are misaligned, cardinal-direction judgments can be severely impaired, more so than direction-of-turn judgments. Analysis of participants' verbal protocols suggests that people use both mental rotation and non-rotational strategies in making cardinal-direction judgments.

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)Recent technological advances allow symbology to be displayed on the pilot's visor. A major benefit of this is that the pilots will be able to take this information with them when they look off-boresight. However, when looking off-boresight, the question arises as to what is the best orientation, or frame of reference, for attitude symbology against the horizon (i.e., forward or line-of-sight) in order to maximize interpretation and performance. This study tested five different symbologies (standard HUD, visually coupled acquisition and targeting symbology, arc segmented attitude reference, theta ball, and non-distributed flight reference) of which three have both forward and line-of-sight orientations. The experiment consisted of two distributed tasks, with the pilots performing either facing the monitor or rotated 90 degrees and looking over their shoulder (off-boresight).In the first task, pilots maintained straight and level flight with simulated turbulence. The second task had pilots interpret a static representation of their attitude and respond via a key press, and then the display went live and they had to fly to a new commanded attitude. This second task was similar to a recovery from unusual attitude methodology, except the end state was never straight and level. Instead, a second unknown end-state attitude was commanded by the experiment. Results indicate that performance is letter when the symbology is forward as opposed to line-of-sight referenced. Further, performance was best in both tasks for the non-distributed flight reference. We discuss these results in terms of implications for helmet-mounted display symbology design.14. SUBJECT TERMS ABSTRACTRecent technological advances allow symbology to be displayed on the pilot's visor. A major benefit of this is that the pilot will be able to take this information with them when they look off-boresight. However, when looking off-boresight the question arises as to what is the best orientation, or frame of reference, for attitude symbology against the horizon (i.e., forward or line-of-sight) in order to maximize interpretation and performance. This study tested five different symbologies (standard HUD, visually coupled acquisition and targeting symbology, arc segmented attitude reference, theta ball, and nondistributed flight reference) of which three have both forward and line-of-sight orientations. The experiment consisted of two different tasks, with the pilots performing either facing the monitor or rotated 90° and looking over their shoulder (offboresight). In the first ...

This research discusses the specific properties of aviation configural displays. The results suggest that using these displays with the full range of aircraft states is sufficient for SA to be established when rapidly transitioning between dissimilar configural displays. Results indicate that differences in performance are diminished when using experts and significant training may overcome differences that exist among the configural displays.