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Mother's social support, their instrumental use of extended family members and of professionals for help, and their sense of personal control were examined as predictors of parenting skill in 3 groups of low-income women. Separate regression models were generated for black adult mothers, white adult mothers, and black teen mothers, all of whom had at least 1 infant. Black teen and white adult mothers who sought help with child-rearing problems from extended family members were more skillful parents. Among white mothers, use of professionals for help with child-rearing problems and mothers' sense of internal control were also significant predictors. Black adult mothers' parenting skill was predicted only by locus of control. These prediction models suggest that in 2 of the groups, social ties to significant others were the linkages through which child-rearing information flowed to affect parenting behavior.

Questionnaire data from teenagers and grandmothers about infant development indicated that grandmothers who were more knowledgeable had daughters who were also more knowledgeable only when the latter had parenting responsibilities. The presence of a young infant seemed to provide the context in which the grandmother helped the young mother acquire accurate information about her baby's normative development. Grandmothers also exhibited a more responsive and less punitive interactive style than did their daughters. The data provided evidence that important socialization of parenting processes probably occur in low-income black three-generation households in which there is a very young mother.One in every four black infants was born to a teenage mother in 1979 (Ventura, 1982). Among black women in 1979, the birth of a first child was one and a third times more likely to occur between 15 and 19 years of age than between 20 and 24 years, but three times more likely when the mother was a teenager than when she was between 25 and 29 years (NCHS, 1982). Questions have been raised about the ability of the very young black mother to support the development of her infant, because the early onset of parenthood is associated with attenuated educational attainment, diminished earning power, and greater family size (Stevens, 1980). Maracek (1979) reported that the children of black teen mothers performed more poorly on intelligence tests than those of older parents. Others have found no significant differences in black children's intellectual and personalsocial development due to mothers' age (Belmont, Cohen, Dryfoos, Stein, & Zayac, 1981; Cord, 1978).

Many features of the alpine soils of NE. Scotland are related to altitude. The deep contemporary humose A horizon has formed in Post-Boreal to recent times. Its formation was preceded by a phase of profile development characterized by very scanty A horizon development. This phase was interrupted by a stage of frost disturbance, probably equated with the Highland Re-advance. The earliest part of the pedogenetic cycle is represented only by cryogenic redistribution of the fine fraction, within the parent material column, which occurred between IZ,OOO and 28,000 B.P.