Child Development Knowledge and Parenting Skills

Is it Too Late Baby? Pinpointing the Emergence of a Black-White Test Score Gap in Infancy

“…Recently, researchers have begun to look at younger children, as young as two or three. There have been a number of explanations for the Black-White test score gap among all these age groups including test bias (Jencks 1998, Maume, Cancio, andEvans 1996), genetics (Dickens 2005, Herrnstein and Murray 1994, Nisbett 1998, Rowe 2005, Rowe and Cleveland 1996, Rowe, Vazsonyi, Flannery 1994, test anxiety due to status or a fear of stereotypes (Lovaglia, et al 1998, Steele andAronson 1998), oppositional culture and academic disengagement (Cook andLudwig 1998, Ogbu 2003), human capital (Mayer 1997a, Parks and Smeriglio 1986, Smith, Brooks-Gunn, and Klebanov 1997, Stevens 1984, health (Currie 2005, Reichman 2005), financial capital and poverty (Brooks-Gunn, Duncan, Maritato 1997, Brooks-Gunn, Klebanov, Duncan 1996, Mayer 1997a, 1997b, Peters and Mullis 1997, family background and parenting practices (Peters andMullis 1997, Phillips et al 1998), social ties and social engagement (Putnam 2000, Wong 1998), family structure (McLanahan 1997), and schools and childcare (Coleman 1966, Ferguson 1998, Jencks and Phillips 1998, Kozol 1991, Lee and Burkham 2002, Massey et al 2002. I discuss each of these possible explanations in more detail below.…”

“…Stevens (1984) in particular conducted an experiment on 243 Black and White mothers of infants and found that controlling on income and education, mothers with a higher knowledge base of infant development scored higher on a test of parenting skills. However, he also acknowledges that 80% of the variance in his models was not accounted for and thus other parental characteristics, besides income, education, or child development knowledge may better explain parenting skill.…”

“…It includes both assessments by a highly trained interviewer and self-reports by parents on a variety of parenting concepts, including learning experiences and cognitively stimulating activities inside and outside the home, punishment, maternal warmth, and physical environment . A large set of studies has found racial and economic differences on this assessment (Mayer 1997a, Parks and Smeriglio 1986, Smith, et al 1997, Stevens 1984, and Waldfogel, et al 2002.…”

Social support and education groups for single mothers: a randomized controlled trial of a community-based program

“…[26][27][28][29][30] Maternal education about child development can lead to improved child competence, academic test performance and intelligence quotients. [31][32][33][34] Parent management training, both group based and individually tailored, has been shown to have a positive effect on parenting and on children's emotional and behavioural adjustment.…”

Relationship among Mother's knowledge of Infant development, Maternal Parenting Stress, Maternal Parenting Behavior and Infant Development

“…또한 어머니가 양육에 대한 지식을 많이 가질수록 어머니는 양육에 대한 효능감이 높 으며, 양육에 대해 더 많이 만족하는 것으로 나타났다 (Bornstein et al, 2003. 이 뿐만 아 니라 어머니가 양육에 대한 지식을 많이 가질수록 더 적 절한 양육의 기술을 구사하며 (Stevens, 1984) (Hong & Kim, 2008;Lee & Lee, 2010;Shim, et al, 2007;Yang & Cho et al, 2009)가 대부분이며, 양육지식의 양육행동과 양육효능감 에 대한 영향 연구 (Lee, 2009; (Ahn & Park, 2002;Park, et al, 1996;Shin, 1997), 비일관적인 훈육을 하기도 하는 것으로 보고되고 있으며 (Lempers, et al, 1989), 양육스트레스가 낮을수록 자녀를 합리적으로 지도하고 애정적으로 대하는 것으로 보고되고 있다 (Kim & Moon, 2005). 특히 어머니의 양육스트레스 는 지속적인 특성이 있어 그 특성이 크게 변화하지 않고, 유아가 발달하는 동안에도 유아의 부적응이나 문제행동에 직접적으로 또는 간접적으로 영향을 주며 (Crinic, et al, 2005), 유아의 대인적응성, 인기도/지도력과 같은 사회성 발달에도 영향을 준다고 한다 (Kim & Do, 2004 (Bornstein, 2003;Dichtelmiller, et al, 1992;Donovan, et al, 2007) (Ainsworth, et al, 1978;Kim & Park, 2008;Lasko, et al, 1999).…”