This study examined the racial preferences of black children in an interracial setting. The Clark and Clark doll study was duplicated in Lincoln, Nebraska, during May 1969. Unlike the Clarks, the present authors found that the majority of the black children preferred the black dolls. Like the blacks, the majority of the white children preferred the doll of their own race. The racial identifications of both black and white children are reported. Furthermore, the effects of age and skin color upon racial preference and identification are compared with those reported by Clark and Clark. A control for the race of interviewers showed that this variable did not have a significant effect upon the dependent variable. The correspondence between doll choice and friendship was ambiguous. Interpretations of all the results are given. Clark and Clark (1947) found that black children preferred white dolls and rejected black dolls when asked to choose which were nice, which looked bad, which they would like to play with, and which were a nice color. This implies that black is not beautiful.This observation has been repeated, using a variety of methods and in a variety of settings (

Using three waves of data (1994–1996) from Czech households, we examined the mediating role of family interactions on the relation between 1994 family economic pressure and increased marital instability 1994–1996. The models demonstrate that economic pressure made both husbands and wives irritable, and their tension exacerbated problem behaviors (e.g., drinking and fighting) and depression. Husbands' problem behaviors generated hostility toward their wives, which increased wives' reports of greater marital instability. Wives' irritability increased their behavior problems, as well, but behavior problems were unrelated to wives' hostility or husbands' marital instability. Instead, wives' irritability directly increased their hostility toward their husbands, which in turn, increased husbands' reports of greater marital instability.

With data from a 1989 Iowa survey (N=1,011), adult male and female respondents are compared on their problem gambling, its correlates, as well as their gambling behavior. Gambling behavior means its scope, frequency, wagering and leisure time spent at gambling. Women's gambling behavior was lower than that of men, due to their having a narrower scope of gambling behavior, but the genders were not significantly different on frequency, wagering and time spent at gambling. Women and men did not differ significantly on problem gambling. Problem gambling is measured as loss of control over gambling, and consequences due to gambling as well as gambling behavior. Women and men did differ significantly, however, on several predictors of problem gambling. Women's estrangement from a conventional lifestyle and integration into a social world of gambling appeared to help explain their problem gambling. Alcohol consumption appeared to be a more important predictor for men than women. The genders shared the attitude that the odds can be beat as well as being big spenders as predictors of their problem gambling. The results are interpreted with practitioners' efforts to prevent and treat problem gambling in mind.

No abstract

No abstract