El objetivo del estudio que aquí presentamos es analizar las características de los problemas con estructura aditiva que aparecen en los libros de texto de Educación Primaria publicados por tres de las editoriales más representativas de nuestro país. El análisis ha sido llevado a cabo a partir de tres variables: a) la estructura semántica de los problemas, b) el grado de "desafío" que subyace a los problemas, y c) el contexto situacional en el que aparecen los problemas. Los resultados muestran que los problemas que aparecen en los libros de texto presentan una naturaleza altamente estereotipada. Así, los problemas más numerosos corresponden con los más sencillos de resolver desde el punto de vista de su estructura semántica. Los problemas desafiantes son escasos, y se formulan en contextos situacionales muy estándares. Los resultados son discutidos en función del rol que los problemas verbales tienen en los libros de texto. Palabras clave: Resolución de problemas aritméticos, estructura semántica, libros de texto.
Only conceptual rewording has proved to be useful for improving children's performance, especially among younger children and for difficult problems. The lack of impact of situational rewording cannot be explained in terms of the length of the resulting text.
El presente trabajo ha sido desarrollado para analizar la importancia del conocimiento conceptual en la resolución de problemas aritméticos con estructura aditiva. Para ello, y partiendo de un modelo explicativo de los procesos y estrategias implicados en la tarea de resolver problemas, hemos estudiado la influencia del conocimiento conceptual en el propio contexto de resolución de problemas a partir de la idea de resistencia a la instrucción, es decir, a partir de la cantidad de ayuda que un alumno /a necesita para resolver la tarea. Los resultados muestran una relación entre el conocimiento conceptual y la resolución de problemas, aunque la mayor influencia se observa fundamentalmente en los problemas más complejos, aquellos que necesitan de conocimientos numéricos más avanzados.
In the article we compare the approaches of 3 in-service teachers and 3 student teachers when they tried to solve a verbal arithmetic problem in the classroom. Each interaction was studied using a System of Analysis that takes into account the cognitive processes involved in the solution of a mathematic problem and describes the interaction at different levels showing what is done and to what degree teachers and/or pupils are responsible for what is done. The results of the study suggest that both groups of teachers are different in how they direct the student's attention toward the essential aspects implied in the resolution of word problem. On the one hand, the in-service teachers guaranteed students' understanding of the problem before dealing with the solution, while students teachers only did so when pupils committed errors. On the other hand, the in-service teachers allowed a high level of student participation, while student teachers took a more prominent role so children's participation was lower.The importance of sociocultural context in the acquisition of mathematical knowledge is becoming more and more widely accepted. Specifically, educational research assumes that a large part of pupils' mathematics ideas are developed in the interaction between teachers and pupils in communication situations aimed at the acquisition of shared knowledge. In this regard, special attention has been paid to the study of the discourse used by teachers and pupils in classrooms with the object of analyzing aspects that aid the understanding of how maths learning takes place.As we shall explain below, the study of educational practice in general and of discourse in particular has not been carried out in a uniform manner. Our aim in the present article is to
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